Imbali yoyilo lwegraphic

Isiciko senqaku

Umthombo: UMfazi oLawulayo

Uyilo lwegraphic njengoko sazi ukuba ibiyinxalenye yethu ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo kude kube ngoku. Siyayazi into esingqongileyo xa sisithi "uyilo lwegraphic" kuba imiba yonxibelelwano lwegraphic ithi qatha engqondweni: imibhalo, iisimboli, imizobo njl. Imbali yayo ayinayo umhla omiselweyo kodwa ichongiwe kuthotho lweziganeko ezenze ukuba ukuvela kwayo kwenzeke.

Ukukubeka kwimeko, siza kukuhambisa XIX kwinkulungwane, Inkulungwane egcwele iziganeko eziqale iintshukumo zokuqala kwaye ke bezizintsika zokuqala apho uyilo lwaqala ukwakhiwa njengoko silubona namhlanje.

Lungisa yonke into oyifunayo kuba uhambo lwethutyana luyaqala.

Imvelaphi: Iintshukumo zokuqala kunye namagcisa

Umfanekiso obonisa iintshukumo zokuqala

Umthombo: Twitter

Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, enye yazo yaqala ekupheleni kwale nkulungwane. Inkcubeko yaseNtshona ibekwe kwimeko yohlaziyo lweshishini kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji. Oku kuchaphazela ukukhula kwabemi kwaye kuvumela ukuqhubela phambili kunxibelelwano. Amashishini amakhulu avumela ukuveliswa ngokukhawuleza okuthe ngenxa yoku, ixabiso lobugcisa beemveliso liwa ngokupheleleyo.

Sisiphi isisombululo esinokubakho emva kolu ngquzulwano? Ubugcisa nezobugcisa ukapteni UWilliam Morris. Le ntshukumo yavela ngenjongo yokubuyisa ixabiso lobugcisa. Ngelishwa, injongo ayizange ifikelelwe kodwa lo mbutho wawubalasele kuba uluntu lwelo xesha lwalubazi ngesitayile sabo kunye nokumela ukungqubana okwangoku kwimisebenzi yabo. Kwaye yindlela i Ixesha langoku.

Apha sichaza ukuba yintoni i-modernism kwaye yintoni ebonakalayo ngayo.

Ixesha langoku

Ubugcisa bokuqala ngoku

Umthombo: Inkcubeko yobuGcisa

I-Modernism nayo ibizwa njalo Ubugcisa Novetu, kwavela ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nasekuqaleni kwamashumi amabini. Yathathelwa ingqalelo njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuhamba ngexesha kunye notshintsho lwayo lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-Belle Epoque eyaqhubeka de kwaqala iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.

Abalahleko banamhlanje, babephila ngobugcisa kunye nobomi kwaye babephenjelelwe kakhulu yimisinga yefilosofi ye- UJonh Ruskin kunye nabadumileyo UWilliam Morris, eyandulela iintshukumo ezinje ngokoqobo okanye umbono. Ama-modernist ahlangabezana neempawu ezininzi:

  • Basebenzisa izinto zendalo ukuphucula imisebenzi yabo
  • Basebenzisa izinto ezintsha kwimisebenzi yabo emva kokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji
  • Baphonononga i-asymmetry kwaye bayimele kwimisebenzi yabo

Kwinkqubo yoluhlu kwavela uthotho lwabazobi ababebaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi loyilo kunye nobugcisa.

UCharles Rennie Mackintosh

UCharles Rennie wayengumyili wezakhiwo owaziwayo owazalelwa eScotland ngo-1868. Eyona nto ayisebenzisayo kwimisebenzi yakhe ngamanani ejiyometri kunye nemigca ethe tye okanye enyukayo. Imisebenzi yakhe edumileyo ibandakanya: iiPeonies, iFort kunye nesihlalo.

UAlfons Mucha

Wayengumzobi waseCzech kunye nomculi kwaye uthathwa njengomnye wabaculi abamele kakhulu u-Art Nouveau. Usebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zeentyatyambo kwaye ubonakaliswa ngokudumisa abantu basetyhini kwimisebenzi yakhe. Imisebenzi efana ne: Zodiac, Chocolat Ideal kunye neJob Cigars ziyabonakala.

UPeter behrens

UPeter wayengomnye wabayili bemizobo yexesha, esaziwa ngokuyila ubumbano beenkampani, iiposta, kunye nohlobo loonobumba. Isitayile sakhe sihluke kakhulu kuba wayefuna uyilo olusebenzayo nolucocekileyo. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya: iti yombane kunye nehlathi.

Isikolo saseBauhaus

Ukuhamba kwesibini

Umthombo: Inomdla kakhulu

Emva kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, inkulungwane XX Yayilungiselelwe iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala ngo-1914. Ngaloo nyaka isikolo saseBauhaus sasekwa eWeimar (eJamani). Esi sikolo sasinefuthe elikhulu kwihlabathi loyilo, ubugcisa kunye nolwakhiwo. Uninzi lwabazobi abenze esi sikolo, bavuka kumbutho wenkqubo yonxibelelaniso kwaye baqala ukufunda ifom, izixhobo, ukwakheka, indawo kwaye ngaphezulu kwako konke ukubaluleka kombala kuyilo.

I-bauhaus iphuhlise into esiyaziyo njenge-typographic hierarchy, apho imigca, imivalo, amachaphaza okanye izikwere zazisetyenziselwa ukwahlula indawo kunye nokugcina ingqalelo yombukeli. Ezinye zeempawu zayo zezi:

  • Inomdla kusetyenziso lwezixhobo zale mihla (iglasi)
  • Umkhwa weCubist kunye ne-asymmetric kwizakhiwo zayo
  • Basebenzisa izinto ezilula kwiifom (kuncinci kuninzi)
  • Ukutyekela kubuncinci bezinto eziphilayo

Amagcisa ayinxalenye yesi sikolo zezi:

UPaul Klee

Uthathwa njengomnye wamagcisa anempembelelo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, umi ngaphandle ekusebenzeni kweziganeko zokutsalwa kwaye phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ugqamile: Ikati kunye neNtaka kunye neNqaba kunye neLanga.

kandinsky

Wayengumchazi-ntetho, umzobi ongabonakaliyo kunye nomphathi omkhulu wombala kunye noyilo. Ubume besiBhozo kunye noMkhweli oBlue ugqamile.

UHerbert Bayer

Umculi kwaye ubalasele kuqulunqo olunamandla apho wayesebenza ngemigca ethe tyaba kwaye ethe nkqo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe yile: Udonga oluchaziweyo kunye nokuphakama kabini.

Umongameli we-Moholy

U-Moholy ujolise ngakumbi kufoto kunye nochwethezo kwaye ubonakala kwimisebenzi efana ne-Space Modulator.

I-Art Deco (eFrance)

Inqanaba lesithathu elilandela imbali yoyilo lwegraphic

Umthombo: Inkcubeko yobuGcisa

Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu iintshukumo zenziwa nazo. Yiza I-Art deco, kwinqanaba apho iimpawu zala maxesha zithathelwe indawo imigca elula necacileyo. 

I-Art Deco yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwi-Exposition Internacionale des Artes Decoratifs Et Industriels Modernes eParis ngo-1925. Olu hlobo luvela kwi-Modernism nakwisikolo saseBauhaus. Ikwachukunyiswe sisakhiwo saseRussia esenze igalelo elikhulu ekuqineni nasekuqineni kwimigca nakwiifom.

Yintoni ephawula i-Art Deco kukubaluleka abakunikileyo kubuchwephesha bexesha, kwezinye izinto ezinje ngezi: izikratshi, izibane zombane, iiradiyo, inqwelomoya njl.njl. Umbala uvela ifiwa kwaye kubonisiwe kwiimagazini kunye neepowusta ezenzelwe amagcisa amaninzi.

Kwi-Art Deco, amagcisa anje ngala:

UJean Carlu

Usebenzisa i-rhetoric kwimisebenzi yakhe kwaye ugcina ubuntu bakhe bobugcisa. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya iLe Gosse kunye neCuisine Electrique.

UCassandre

UCassandre wayengumculi weposta yaseFrance kunye nomyili. Imisebenzi yakhe iphenjelelwa zii-avant-gards zobugcisa zexesha eliphakathi lenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Wayehlala edibanisa izinto ezinje ngobugcisa, isicatshulwa kunye nomfanekiso. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya: uNormandie noDubonnet.

Ngeminyaka yoo-30

Ii-30s kuyilo lwegraphic

Umthombo: Iliso esibhakabhakeni

Ngaphambili besikhe sathetha ngezinto eziyinxalenye yemihla yethu yemihla ngemihla xa siyila, kodwa ngaba ukhe wazibuza ukuba uyilo lweefonti luqale njani ukubalulekile? Kwiposi yangaphambili, sikhankanye indoda egama lingu Gutemberg Kodwa yonke into ayihlali apho. I-typography ikwanokuvela kwayo kwaye ngokuchanekileyo, yaqala ukuba nayo kwinkulungwane XXNgokukodwa kwi-30s.

Ngexesha lonyaka, iziganeko zembali zenzeka kwaye yayilixesha eligcwele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo nezopolitiko. Ngesi sizathu, kwavela iintshukumo ezinjenge-Futurism, Dadaism kunye ne-Surrealism. Kulo nyaka iifonti ezinje nge Futura okanye iGill Sans. 

Ababhali beentlobo ezifana ULester Bell okanye uHerbert Mater.

Iipowusta zemfazwe ezidumileyo

Iimfazwe

Umthombo: Yongeza

Ungquzulwano lwemfazwe luchazwa njengohlobo lwemfazwe apho abantu abaninzi bajongana khona, kule meko ungquzulwano lomlo esiza kuthetha ngalo, lujamelene namazwe amabini, iJamani nePoland. Le mfazwe yaqala ngo-1939 yaza yabangela oko sikwaziyo njengeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Yayingengombambano phakathi kwamazwe amabini kuphela kodwa yayikukungqubana phakathi kwabemi baseNtshona nabakomanisi.

Kwaye yintoni abayenzileyo ngeli xesha? Ewe, uninzi lwabo lukhethe ukuya elubhacweni ngelixa abanye babenesibindi bonyanzeliswa ukuba badibane nelizwe labo. Ngamaxesha emfazwe, ngakumbi kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, kwenziwa iposta yomlo, ekwabizwa ngokuba zezopolitiko okanye ubuxoki. Le powusta yenziwa ngenjongo kholisa kwaye kwangaxeshanye basebenzise uluntu ukubenza badibanise urhulumente.

Iipowusta zizalisekise imixholo emininzi kunye neetypologies kodwa phakathi kwazo, zazibalasele:

  • Abaqulunqi bezi powusta babhenela koko sikubiza ngokuba yirhetiki kwaye basebenzise ithoni yokunxibelelana, ngaloo ndlela babhenela kwi iimvakalelo neemvakalelo
  • Basebenzisa isayikholoji yomfanekiso ukwenza umfanekiso kunzima kwaye kunzima ukuwulibala
  • Babeka isicatshulwa phambi komfanekiso, oko kukuthi, isicatshulwa sithathe ukubalasela ngakumbi ngenxa yezihloko eziphambili zaso
  • Basebenzise imibala enesibindi ukukholisa uluntu
  • Owona mthombo wabo yayilayini yomzobo, kwathatha inqanaba lesiseko ngaphezulu kwezinye izinto
  • Abantu baseRussia basebenzise inkqubo yonxibelelaniso kwiipowusta zabo, ngaloo ndlela besenza izinto ezimileyo

Iipowusta ezikwimfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, zihonjisiwe ngemigca efanayo kunye neempawu. Phakathi kwabazobi beeposta ababenempembelelo enkulu ngelo xesha, oku kulandelayo kuvela:

UAlexander Rodchenko

UAlexander wayengoyena mculi weposta wayemele, wayebonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa amanani ejometri awayehamba nemibala elula. Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe lwenza intshukumo kulwakhiwo ngenxa yendlela awabeka ngayo izinto eziphezulu (umbhalo -mfanekiso).

Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe uyifumana: Indoda yoMlilo kunye neRechevik.

Ii-50s eYurophu

Ngama-50s kwimbali yoyilo

Umthombo: Isiseko seJuan Matshi

EYurophu, ngakumbi eSwitzerland, iintshukumo ezininzi zenziwa kodwa ezaziwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo zazikho Isimbo saseSwitzerland samanye amazwe. Olu hlobo luvela kwii-50s kwaye lwaqhubeka de kwaba li-70s.

Intshukumo nganye eyadalwayo ukutyhubela imbali, yayinokukhula okungaphezulu kwezinye iinkalo kunakwamanye, kule meko, le ndlela imele ukuqala kohlaziyo uyilo lokuhlela. Olunye lweempawu eziphambili kukuba bakwazile ukudibanisa i-asymmetry kwingoma, oku kufezekisiwe ngokusetyenziswa kweegridi ze-typographic kunye neigridi.

Into awayiphawulayo kukusetyenziswa kweesans-serif typefaces kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso kunye nokwaliwa kwemifanekiso. Imiba edityaniswa kakuhle kunye nale ndlela yile:

  • Ukucaca okuthile, ukufundeka kunye nokuchaneka kwimisebenzi apho kusetyenziswa iifonti ezingenazo iiserif
  • Umelo lochwethezo njengeyona nto iphambili

Ixesha elingaphezulu, izikolo zaseSwitzerland zenziwa kwizixeko ezinjengeGeneva, iLausanne okanye iZurich.

Phakathi kwamagcisa amela eyona ntshukumo ngala: UTheo Balmer, uEmil Ruder kunye noMax Bill.

Ngama-50s eMelika

Ama-50s eMelika kwimbali yoyilo

Umthombo: BetaArchive

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sigqibe kwelokuba iYurophu yayiyeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi lobugcisa kunye noyilo. Kodwa ibali alipheli apha, iMelika yathathelwa ingqalelo njengegunya elikhulu lehlabathi kumaxesha aphakathi kunye nezopolitiko. Le nkqubo iqala embindini wenkulungwane I-XX.

Abaqulunqi baseMelika bajonge ukwahlukana nesimbo saseYurophu / saseSwitzerland, kwaye benza isitayile sokuyila esingacwangciswanga ngakumbi. Le yindlela esiyiqonda ngayo njengoko wayezalwa ngayo Isikolo saseMelika seGrafiki yokucacisa. 

Esi sikolo yayisisishwankathelo sefuthe lobugcisa elalimelwe ngabantu baseMelika kuyilo. Uyilo olumeleke ngakumbi, olunemigca yemizobo ekhutshiweyo kwaye ikude nokuma kunye nokuziphatha. Imibala abayisebenzisileyo ibibetha kwaye behlasela umbukeli kwaye bemazisa ngomyalezo. Iifonti zazingaphantsi kwejometri kwaye kwakudlalwa ngalo mzobo.

Le yindlela eziqale ngayo iindlela zobugcisa:

Ubugcisa bePop

Ubugcisa bePop baqala ukwaziswa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-50 kwaye ummeli wayo wayengumculi ogama lingu-A UAndy Warhol, nangona amagcisa afana URoy Fox noJasper Johns. Eyona njongo iphambili yolu hlobo yayikukubonisa ngemibono yemizobo yoluntu lwabathengi belo xesha, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nenkqubela phambili kunye nebango lenkcubeko engabalulekanga egcwele abantu abadumileyo.

Sifumana izinto ezinje:

  • Imibala yeBold kunye nemifanekiso ethandwayo
  • Izixhobo zemizobo zimelwe ngohlobo lweeqhula
  • Ukuphindaphinda iipateni

Ingqondo

I-Psychedelia yayiyindlela yobugcisa eqale ukuvelisa iziqhamo embindini 60 EMelika. Yayichukunyiswe kakhulu yimpucuko kunye noArt Nouveau. Kwaye yavelaphi le ntshukumo? Emva kweemfazwe ezininzi kunye nokuxabana kwezentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko, uninzi lwabazobi babona isidingo sokwenza isitayile esizakubonisa ingaphakathi lomntu.

Ibonakala ngo:

  • Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani angabonakaliyo kunye neefonti ezikhubazeke ngokupheleleyo
  • Iziphumo ezinemilinganiselo emithathu evusa iziphumo ze-hallucinogenic yeziyobisi
  • Imibala emangazayo evela kwiintshukumo zentlalo (iihippies)

Ngexesha lama-50s / 60s amagcisa anje nge USaul Bass noPaul Rand. 

Uyilo kwii-60s kunye nee-70s eYurophu

Ii-60s kunye nee-70s kuyilo lwaseYurophu

Umthombo: Iphepha lodonga

Ii-60s kunye nee-70s eYurophu zazinemiqathango ngabantu abadumileyo Imfazwe ebandayo. Imfazwe ebandayo yabangela ukungavisisani phakathi kwamazwe afana ne-United States kunye ne-USSR. Oku kukhokelele ekubeni amazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya iPoland, aqale ukuzimela.

Inkululeko ayizisanga kuphela iingxaki zentlalo nezopolitiko kodwa, ukongeza, uninzi lwabazobi baqala ukuzenzela ezabo izimbo. Olu hlobo luvela kwi-surrealism kunye nomxholo wobugcisa «ikholaji». Kodwa masikhe sifike kwinqanaba, ilizwe ebelibalasele kule minyaka ilishumi ibiseNgilani, apho kuvela khona inkululeko yenkululeko kunye namaqela anje Punk.

Ke ngoko, isitayile sesiNgesi sivela ezandleni zeepowusta eziyilwe ngu UJamie Reid. Iipowusta zakhe ziqhutywa yintshukumo ye-punk, yiyo loo nto kusenziwa imizobo ezele yimibala eyoyikisayo kunye nenamandla kwaye wayethatha inxaxheba kwiqela lomculo. Iiprofayile zesondo ukuyila uninzi lwee-albhamu zakhe.

Uyilo eMelika (60 kunye no-70)

Uhlobo lwaseMelika kwii-60s kunye nee-70s

Umthombo: Ilizwe

Kwiminyaka elishumi yama-60s kunye nama-70s eMelika, amagcisa amatsha avela apho ukubonakaliswa kunikwa ukubaluleka kwaye kukhethwa indlela yokusebenzisa ezinye izixhobo ezinje ukufota okanye infographic. Elinye lamagcisa amelwe kakhulu UMilton Glaser.

UMilton Glaser

Eli gcisa lazalwa eNew York ngo-1929. Uye wachukumisa iindawo ezinje ngokubeka uphawu, uyilo lomhleli, uyilo lwepowusta, uyilo lwangaphakathi kunye nemifanekiso.

Ngo-1966 wenza enye yezona zinto zimele zisebenze zoyilo lwexesha: ipowusta ethathwe kwenye yealbham yeemvumi Bob Dylan. Kwiminyaka kamva, wayila iphephancwadi iNew York kunye nenye yeeprojekthi zakhe ezidumileyo: Ndiyayithanda iNew York.

Ii-80s kuyilo lwegraphic

Uyilo lwegraphic kwii-80s

Umthombo: Behance

Iminyaka elishumi yee-80s yaphawulwa phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Oku kwavumela amagcisa amaninzi kunye nabayili ukuba babenakho ngothotho lweenkqubo eziququzelela umsebenzi wabo kwicandelo lemifanekiso. Esikwaziyo njengobudala bedijithali, beza kuthwala izifundo kwizincoko kunye neendlela ezintsha zokufota kunye neetypographic.

Elinye lamagcisa amelwe kakhulu UWolfgang Weingart.

UWolfgang Weingart

Wayengomnye wabaculi be-typintessential quintessential typographic's 80s.Uyilo lwakhe luchukunyiswa yindlela yaseSwitzerland kwaye ube ngumthombo wenkuthazo kumagcisa amaninzi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu yile: iTypography 2.

Uyilo lwegraphic kuluntu lwanamhlanje

Ngoku uyazi okungakumbi malunga nembali yoyilo lwegraphic. Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba yonke into eguqukayo iyaqhubeka kuyilo lwethu yonke imihla. Xa kuyilwa isazisi esidibeneyo, ipowusta, inshorensi yemagazini okanye naxa sifota kwaye sizoba, Kufuneka sikhuthazwe ngabo bazobi sele bebhale eyabo imbali kwaye bashiye uphawu lwabo. 

Okwangoku asiyazi indaleko eyakubakho kuyilo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kodwa siqinisekile ukuba iyakwenziwa ngabo bonke ubugcisa bezobugcisa kunye neentshukumo esikuxelele ngazo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo siyabulela kubo, izimvo ezintsha kunye nendalo ukuvela.

Isiphelo

Wonke umntu ngaxa lithile ebomini bethu xa siyila, sikwadala umxholo kwasekuqaleni kwaye loo nto yimvelaphi yethu kunye nokuvela kwethu.

Ngesi sizathu, imbali ayichazwanga nje njengothotho lweziganeko kodwa kunye nokuzivelela kunye nokukhula komntu. Siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ngokungena ngaphakathi kwaye ufunde ngakumbi ngembali yoyilo lwegraphic.

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