Hoton shine babban abin aikinmu, amma Shin kun taɓa yin mamakin menene hoto kuma yaya ya isa kwakwalwarmu? A cikin wannan labarin zan so in raba muku taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen tsari wanda muke karɓar hotuna da kwatankwacin da ke tsakanin tsarin ilimin halitta (kwakwalwa da idanun mutum) da tsarin dijital (amma kuma analog) a cikin hoto da bidiyo kyamarori.
Tunanin da muke da shi na duniya, fahimtarmu game da gaskiyar, game da abin da ke kewaye da mu da kanmu, ya kasance saboda mafi yawan ɓangare ne na tsoma bakin hanyoyin aiwatarwa (ko hanyoyin inji), kodayake akwai keɓaɓɓu. Masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da masana wannan lamarin sun kiyaye cikin tarihi cewa hangen nesan mutum yana da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya tare da hanyoyin dijital saboda godiya ta hanyar hoto ko kyamarar bidiyo da masu daukar hoto suna ɗaukar hotuna. Kuma ba zai iya kasancewa in ba haka ba, jikin mutum shine mafi inganci da ƙarfi a duniya, zai zama wawanci kar a ɗauke shi a matsayin abin dubawa lokacin shiga hauhawar ƙirƙirar tsaruka don ɗaukar hoto da kuma maimaita shi. Ta wata hanyar, hangen ɗan adam tsari ne na "dijital", kuma ina faɗin wannan a alamun ambato saboda a bayyane yake cewa akwai bambanci da yawa tsakanin kwatancen biyu, amma kamar abubuwan da aka tsara na aikin suna da manufa iri ɗaya.
Ka yi tunanin na'urar da ke tattare da hadadden tsarin autofocus wanda ke aiwatar da hasken da yake fitowa daga abubuwa akan bangon bayan akwatin. Wannan bangon an lika shi da kananan na'urori masu auna sigina, kowanne daga cikinsu yana ɗaukar ƙaramin yanki na hoton. Ka yi tunanin kuma cewa waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina suna aika bayanan da aka samo don mai sarrafawa wanda ke iya yin odar kowane yanki bayanai daga kowane firikwensin don ƙirƙirar hoto. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba hoton da abin da yake zuwa zuciya shine na kamarar daukar hoto Dama?
Kuma shine cewa firikwensin kyamara an haɗa shi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kowannensu yana samun bayanai game da ƙaramin yanki na hoton. Gaskiya muna magana ne game da asusun, wanda ke raba tsarin kama da wanda kawai aka bayyana tare da kyamarorin dijital. A cikin idanunmu akwai jerin na'urori masu auna sigina wadanda ake kira photoreceptors, masu kama da mazugi da sanda, wanda, ta hanyar hanyoyin daukar hoto, suka ruguza hoton da suka karba izuwa kananan bayanai. Ana watsa wannan bayanin ne ta hanyar jijiyar gani, wanda ya kare a kwakwalwa, wanda aikin sa shine sake hada dukkanin bayanai don samar da cikakkun hotuna. Cones suna da alhakin hangen nesa launi da hangen nesa na tsakiya; Suna buƙatar haske mai kyau don aiki. Swabs suna kula da hangen nesa kuma suna iya aiki cikin ƙarancin haske.
Hoton wata hanya ce ta fahimtar gaskiyar abin da ya samo asali ta hanyar watsa haske. Lokacin da muka samo hoto, ba zamu sami zane mai zane-zane na abubuwa biyu ba, wanda aka samar dashi lokacin da haske ya ratsa tabarau kuma aka tsara shi akan farfajiya. Tsarin hangen nesa a zahiri yana da sauƙin gaske, mahimmin abu wanda ke sa duk aikin ya zama haske. Haske yana bayyana daga abubuwa, kuma ana fuskantar shi zuwa ido, wanda ba komai bane face wani rikitaccen ruwan tabarau na hoto a ƙasansa emulsion ne na ƙirar halitta. Abubuwa daban-daban suna da iko daban-daban don haskaka haske, kuma ya danganta da tsawon nisan da suke nunawa, (ka tuna, alal misali, abin da baƙar fata yake yi yana ɗaukar haske yayin da fari yake nuna shi yana samar da adadi mai yawa) suna da launi ɗaya ko wata kuma tare da ƙarfi mai canzawa . Kuma shine yin la'akari da duk wannan, yayin ɗaukar hotuna mutum ya ƙirƙiri na'urori waɗanda suke kwaikwayon halayyar idanun mutum. Hotunan analog da kyamarar hoto kayan aiki ne tare da tsarin ruwan tabarau wanda ke aiwatar da haske akan emulsion na azurfa. Dijital har yanzu da kyamarorin bidiyo suna yin abu ɗaya, amma suna tsara hoton akan gutsun ɗaukar hoto da ake kira CCD (Na'urar Da Aka Haɗa Na Caji). Waɗannan su ne hadaddun da'irorin da ke amfani da damar wasu kayan aikin semiconductor don samar da siginar lantarki lokacin da suka karɓi foton. CCDs, waɗanda suka kunshi dubunnan ƙananan ƙwayoyin tattara haske, sun ɓata hoton zuwa dubunnan ƙananan abubuwa. Sun kasance ne da kananan kwayoyin halitta, kowanne daga cikinsu yana yin rikodin kuma yana watsa bayanan da suka dace da wani yanki guda na hoton, kamar dai abin wuyar warwarewa ne.
M dama? Anan kuna da hoto wanda ke taƙaita waɗannan kamance da kyau kuma hakan yana sa mu fahimci sarai abin da aikin kyamarori yake.
