Don sani yaya ake yin takardaDole ne ku san inda, ta yaya da wanda ya ƙirƙira shi kuma menene canje-canjersa tsawon shekaru. Duk mai kirkirar kirki ya kamata ya sani me aka yi da shi matsakaiciyar da za a ga aikinsu.

Han Hsin ya ƙirƙira shi a China a farkon karni na XNUMX BC. Tunanin farko shine ƙirƙira tufafi marasa tsada. Ts'ai Lum ya tuno da kirkirar Han Hsin kuma ya gano cewa kawai yana ɓacewa da wani abu don ɗaure zaren zaren da kuma hana su ruwa (wannan ya samu ne ta hanyar tafasa algae da ake kira Agarin da amfani da gelatin ya bayar. Da Tsoffin takardu a Spain shi "Kuskuren Mozarabic » kwanan wata 1040-1050, an adana shi a cikin Gidan Ibada na Silos.

Juyin Halitta

• 1450                      Gutenberg ya ƙirƙira theab'in Prinab'in.
• 1670 y 1680      Inventirƙirar Yaren mutanen Holland ne aka ƙirƙira, wanda ke ragargaza tsofaffin tufafi da ƙarin bayani ɗaya bayan ɗaya.
• 1789                      Luis Nicolás Robert- Ya kirkiri wata inji wacce zata iya yin dogayen takardu ta hanyar amfani dashi gaba daya.
• 1807                      Amfani da kaolin azaman filler ya bayyana.
• 1874                      Yana gabatar da tsarin bisulfite.
• 1884                      Tsarin Sulfate ko Krafft ya bayyana.

Takarda kayan

Abubuwan da ake yin takarda sune:

• Fibas
• Fillers da launuka masu launi
• Masu kara

Fibas

• Faya-fayan itace
• Faya-fayan da ba katako ba
• Filaye na roba

Faya-fayan itace

Bishiyoyi na Tsawan shekaru ko na Wuta

• Pine a cikin dukkan nau'ikansa da fir
• Matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin 2 da 4 mm, har ma ya fi tsayi
• Babban juriya ga ƙananan takardun nahawu

Bishiyoyi masu yanke ko na ganye

• Eucalyptus, Beech da Birch
• 1mm matsakaiciyar tsayi
• Faya-fayen sa suna ba da santsi da kyakkyawan takardar takarda
• Kashi na% akan takardar yana ƙaruwa yayin gramage yana ƙaruwa, yana iya kaiwa 100% akan takardu sama da 150 gr / m².

Faya-fayan da ba katako ba

Zasu iya zama bagasse na sandar sukari da bambaro na hatsi, hemp, esparto, auduga da flax.

Fiber Length:

•  Abin ƙyama ————————- 4 mm
•  Leafy ————————- 1,5 mm
•  Bagasse ————————— 1,7 mm
•  Alkama da Sha'ir —————— 1,5 mm
•  Esparto ————————— 1,1 mm
•  Bambaro da Shinkafa ———————- 0,5 mm
•  Auduga ———————— 30 mm

Filaye na roba

• Kirkirar kayan zane-zane
• Babban ƙarfi narkar da polyethylene

Kayan da ba fibrous ba

Products maras amfani wanda wani lokacin yakan zama wani bangare na takarda a adadi mai yawa.

Tasirin Cajin da Pigments

• Fari da rashin haske (Index Refractive Index)
• Girmansa - da karin lodi, da karin nahawu
• Ruwan Liquid - Yana hana canja wurin tawada
• Siffar Geometric- Yin gaban zai rage halayen injininta.

Chemical abun da ke ciki na itace

Holocellulose: cellulose + hemicellulose

Lignin: Hadadden sinadarai ne mai hadadden gaske, kasancewar shine abin da ke tattare da zaren sosai.

Fari: Haske ne da yake bayyane.

Sauran kayayyakin:

	RESINOS	Matsewa
LIGNIN	25 -30%	18 -30%
KYAUTA	40 - 45%	45 - 50%
LABARI	10 -15%	20 - 30%
Gudura	4%	1,5 - 2%

Shirye-shiryen itace

Ya baci

• Ya zama dole a kawar da shi
• Ba shi da halin fibrous
• Yi amfani da reagents da makamashi
• Datti da taliya
• Babban Tsakiya- Debarker Drum

Ma'ajin itace

• Tsakanin 25 zuwa 55% Danshi
• Tsakanin 25 da 35º na Zazzabi
• Resinous - Bai fi shekara guda ba
• Leafy - Tsakanin watanni 2 da 6 don kaucewa asarar inganci

Guntu

Bayan debarking rajistan ayyukan an rage zuwa kwakwalwan kwamfuta ko BATSA don samun damar ƙirƙirar wasu fastoci, kamar su sinadarai, sinadarai da aikin injiniya. Girman guntu zai kasance da alaƙa da impregnation na reagents da aka yi amfani da su a cikin harbi.

Manna na inji

Kayan gargajiya na gargajiya

•  Daga katakon katakon da ba a sare ba
•  Kullum Resinous
•  Cilindrical nika dabaran, abrasive surface, kullum moistened.

Ruwa

• Guji ƙonawa
• Tsaftace keken nika
• Shigo da zaren

 Nau'ikan 2:

• Cigaba: Warren de Cadena
• Rushewa: Babban Arewa

Abũbuwan amfãni:

• Babban aiki (95%)
• Kyakkyawan halaye na hannu (

Rashin amfani:

• Fata mai wuya
• Whananan Fari <80%
• Lalacewar bangon zaren

Chipping ko refining inji ɓangaren litattafan almara:

• Disk shredders, mafi girma ɓangaren litattafan almara
• Kyakkyawan halaye na zahiri

Ventajas:

• Yiwuwar amfani da itacen da aka ƙi
• Yiwuwar amfani da katako
• Manna kayan inganci

Rashin amfani:

• Babban jari
• Amfani da makamashi mafi girma
• Kudin kulawa mafi girma

Manna kayan masarufi

• An inganta halayen inji na manna guntu
• Don wannan, ana gabatar da tururi a zazzabi mai zafi don dumama kwakwalwan kafin gabatar dasu a cikin diski mai tsafta, yana haifar da laushi lignin da rage karfin zaren.
• Yanayin tsufa kuma ya zama rawaya
• Babban rashin haske. dace da takarda mai nauyi mai sauƙi.

Chemical-thermomechanical manna

• Babban aiki
• Yanayin yanayi mafi kyau fiye da kayan aikin inji na yau da kullun
• Chips an rage girman shi, sannan a cikin mai narkewa inda akwai soda a Tº na 60 zuwa 80º, na awanni 3. (Game da manna sinadarai, ana dafa shi ne na wani lokaci mai tsayi kuma a yanayi mafi girma).

Manna sinadarai

• Matsayin cire lignin zai zama mafi girma da ƙarfin ƙarfin harbin itace.

2 Tsarin:

• Al bisulfite
• krafft

Bisulfite

• An ƙirƙira shi a cikin Sweden a cikin 1874
• Abincin dafa abinci shine bisulfite tare da alli, magnesium ko tushe ammonium.
• Zazzabin dafa abinci tsakanin 130º da 140º
• Lokacin girki tsakanin awa 6 zuwa 8
• Ignaddamarwa mai sauƙi ne kuma yana samar da fastoci masu wadataccen hemicelluloses, masu dacewa da takardu masu kama da gilashi.
• Ba shi da farfadowar sinadarai
• Amfani tsakanin 45 da 55%

krafft

• Babban haɓaka don haɗawar tukunyar jirgi mai dawowa.

Tsarin dawowa

Baƙin giya da aka ƙirƙira ta kwayoyin halitta, ma'adinai da ruwa a cikin nauyin 18 zuwa 20%, ta hanyar evaporator an ɗaga adadin zuwa 60%. Daga baya an kona shi yana samar da zafi. Toka ana yin ta ne da sinadarin sodium carbonate. Bayan haka, an dawo da soda. Bayar da kashi 45 zuwa 55%.

Yin fari

Dalilin yin fata shine cire lignin wanda ba'a cire shi ta hanyar dafawa ba.

Bakin ciki na al'ada

• Chlorination
• Hakar
• Kloride dioxide
• Hakar
• Kloride dioxide
• Tsakanin kowane bangare akwai lokacin wanka.

Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching

• Laddamarwa ta oxygen, sannan ya dahu sannan kuma a yi amfani da magani tare da chlorine dioxide.

Bishiyar Ozone

• Degrades + cellulose
• Farar da ta fi 90%
• Sakamakon da ba za a karɓa ba dangane da asarar juriya

Barcin Enzyme

• Enzymes tare da sauran bilicin
• Farin fari mafi yawa
• Rage dioxide na Chlorine da kashi 10-15%

Oxygenated Ruwan Bleaching

• Hydrogen peroxide, ana amfani dashi a cikin sinadarai-thermomechanical pastes

Debaurewar

• Hadakar Masana'antu - Za'a aika ta bututu.
• Ba Haɗawa ba - A cikin katun ɗin, ana kera zanen taliya da zafi mai kashi 10% don sauƙaƙe jigilar su.
• Arin ruwa, ƙasa da lokacin yuwuwar fungi.

Ana sanya fibers a ciki

• Fibers na farko
• Secondary Fibers

Fibobi na firamare

• Ana samo su ne daga itace ko wasu nau'ikan tsire-tsire na kayan lambu, sune firam masu amfani da farko. Shara daga matattarar takardu daga sharar gida ana daukar su firam na farko.

Ulan shafawa:

• Akwati ne wanda yake da helix a cikin ƙananan ɓangarensa wanda ke tayar da zanen taliya kuma yana keɓance keɓaɓɓen zaren, yana shirya dakatarwar ruwa tsakanin 6% da 12% na busassun kwayoyin ruwa.
• An wofintar da kayan ta hanyar wucewa ta cakuduwar da ba ta bada izinin wucewar manyan gutsuttsura.
• Ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a bagaruwa farare ne, ruwa ne da aka sake yin amfani da shi daga masana'anta kanta (yana da fari saboda abin da zaren da mayuka ke ciki).
• Ana sanya dogayen gajere da gajeru daban a cikin bagade. Ba zasu cakuda ba sai bayan sun tace.

'Yan wasa:

• Ana amfani dasu don magance matsalar ƙananan ɓoyayyen ƙwayoyin daga ɓangaren litattafan almara. Mai shimfidawa ya kunshi fayafai guda biyu da aka rataye a jikinsa ko allurai.

Refining:

Ta hanyar sake shi ana ba da halaye don samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban da azuzuwan takarda. Kowace takarda na buƙatar ingantaccen tsaftacewa, waɗannan su ne wasu nau'ikan:

• Dutchasar Dutch
• Angananan Maɗaukaki Maɗaukaki Maɗaukaki
• Wide Angle Conical Refines
• Tace Disc

Kowane nau'in tsabtacewa, ana aiwatar da ainihin aiki tsakanin tsayayyen sashi da wani mai juyawa, ana wucewa da manna tsakanin su.
Bayan tsabtacewa, zaren ya zama an yi aiki da ƙarfi ko kuma ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da sakamako cewa:

Shake da girgiza:

• Fibirin yana sha
• Rub. Fibirin yana shiga cikin fibrils
• Shear- Fitar yana yin ragi a cikin tsayi ko yanke.
• Fibrillation shine sakin fibrils da ingantaccen kayan aiki wanda ya haifar da sanannen ƙaruwa a cikin takamaiman yankin, inganta tsawon hawaye da fashewar takarda.

Babban fibrillation + Mafi girman yanayin rashin daidaito

Ana sarrafa aikin tace shi a matakin inji ta hanyar na'urar da ke auna karfin narkewar ruwa ko saurin dangin da manna ke ba ruwa damar malala. Ana auna shi a cikin maki na Shopper-Riegler (SRº), mafi girman ƙimar, mafi girman gyaran.

Gyara mafi girma = Littleananan ruwa

Lessarancin tsaftacewa = Yawan ruwa

Da zarar an tace taliya, ana adana shi a manyan rumbu tare da motsawa.

Secondary zaruruwa

• Fibers waɗanda sun riga sun sami aiki aƙalla masana'antu guda ɗaya ana ba su wannan sunan.
• An san su da sunan Takarda, ana iya cakuda su da na farko ko kuma zasu iya zama na biyu 100%.
• Cibiyoyin tattarawa galibi suna cikin manyan birane kuma dogon tafiye-tafiye zuwa masana'antu na iya sanya su mara tattalin arziki.
• Zai yiwu a dawo da sama da 50%

Ulan sanda

• Ba kawai zai yi aiki a matsayin mai lalata takarda ba ne, har ma zai yi aiki a matsayin mai goge gogewa, kawar da kazanta kamar igiyoyi da wayoyi.
• Za'a iya ƙare aikin tare da tsaga

An ci gaba

Anyi shi ne da sinadarai wanda yake da nasaba da zafi da kuma amfani da makamashin inji don cire tawada daga takardar.

3 kayayyakin:

• Abubuwan wanka: cire tawada
• Watsewa: Ta yadda tawadar zata bar ruwan kuma kar ta sake sanya kudi.
• Wakilan kumfa: Yana saukaka cire tawada.

Tsarin lalata

Anyi niyya ta hanyar wanka

• Wannan shi ne mafi tsufa
• Yana aiki da kyau cire ƙananan ƙananan micron 1 zuwa 10

Flotation de-inked

• Shi ne mafi amfani
• Dalilin sunadarai da aka kara shine kumfa da goge tawada.
• Ya fi tasiri fiye da wanka saboda yana cire duk ƙananan ƙwayoyin tawada kuma asarar fiber ba ta da ƙasa.
• Kuna buƙatar ƙaramin ruwa a cikin aikin

Hada matakai

• Ana amfani da wanka don cire ƙananan ƙwayoyin tawada da nauyin kaya da inganta ingantaccen tsarin shawagi.

Enaddara ta hanyar enzymes

• Wani sabon salo a cikin aikin deinking. Daya daga cikin matsalolin na iya zama babban kumfa.
• Akwai asarar zare da juriya
• Ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba har abada, kawai ba da izinin amfani 3 zuwa 5.

Samuwar takardar

• Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙera daidai yake da kowane irin takarda. Bambancin za'a bashi ta yadda aka tsara shi da kuma gamawa.
• Samuwar Sheet: Canza gudan manna a cikin takarda mai fadi da daidaito.

Hadawa baho

Inda aka kara abubuwa daban-daban gwargwadon nau'in takarda kamar:

• Fibas
• Haske mai haske
• Adsauka
• Additives a cikin Gene
•  Sizing jamiái

Masu warwarewa

An cire barbashin da ba a so.

2 Nau'i

Mai yiwuwa

•  Suna cire ƙananan abubuwa dangane da yadda wataƙila zasu wuce ta cikin raga ko allo.

Tsakiyar tsakiya

• Suna amfani da ƙarfin juyawar taliyar a cikin jikunan mahaɗan, suna raba mafi ƙanƙancin abubuwa, waɗanda ke fitowa ta ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙasan.

Yawanci ana haɗa tsarin 2 don ƙwarewa mafi girma.

Akwatin kai ko kan mashin

• Mahimmin abu don ƙirƙirar zanen gado mai kauri da sirara
• Suna buƙatar daidaitattun daidaitattun shigarwar taliya.

da yawa

• Na'urar da ke sanya matsin lamba da magudanar manna su dore akan dukkan faɗin mashigar akwatin.
• Chamberungiyar Fadada: Yana taimaka kyakkyawan tsari na zaren a dakatarwa.

Adadin dakatarwa ko dilbataccen manna wanda dole ne ya isa masana'anta dole ne ya zama dole don:

•  Bada nahawun
• Taimakawa horo
• Bi sahun samarwa
• Samo bayanin martaba iri ɗaya

An tsara wannan:

• Gudu (yawa)
• Daidaito (yawa)

Tebur mara nauyi

• 7 ko 8 fadi
• Taimaka cire ruwa ta dewatering
• Yarn ɗin yana da motsi wanda ake kira tracheo, don daidaita kalmomin da kuma guje wa ragi.
• Hankalin Na'ura: Fiber Direction
• Hanya shugabanci: A kan fiber
• Tsohon Machines: saurin tsakanin 30 - 40 m / min
• Na 4 ko 5 shekaru da suka gabata: saurin tsakanin 800 - 900 m / min
• A halin yanzu: Sauri tsakanin 1300 - 1400 m / min (waɗannan ba su da burbushi)

2 Nau'in tebur

Al'ada:

• Side ɗin rican wasa: Wani ɓangare na takardar da ta taɓa shi. Mafi m
• Fuskar Fuskanci: Fuskar sama. Smoother don ƙarin% na lodi

 Double masana'anta:

• Yana ba da izinin jagorantar da ruwan sama zuwa sama ta akwatunan tsotsa, da samun ƙarin zanen gado mai daidaitawa. Gudun daga 1400 - 1500 m / min

Allon

• Dole ne ya ba da izinin rarraba manna mai kyau
• Ruwa na ruwa
• Hana wucewar igiya
• Hana bakin zaren daga manne shi
• Sauƙi wanka
• Nau'in 2:
• Robobi: + farashin + karko
• Dewatering: shine kawar da ruwa

Dewatering rollers

• Suna tallafawa masana'anta da cire ruwa. Ba'a amfani dashi lokacin da inji ya wuce 300 m / min

Fuska

• Abubuwa ne da aka haɗa da sanduna waɗanda basa juyawa kuma yadin yana yawo akan su.
• Sun daɗe kuma suna ci gaba.
• Wannan shine mafi yawan abubuwan da aka fi amfani dasu a farkon yankin magudanan ruwa.

Kwalaye masu kwazo

• Actionarin aiki mai kuzari
• Rashin komai yana ci gaba
• Babu akwatunan ya dogara da tsawon inji
• Aiki tare da injin fanfo.

Silinda tsotsa

• Arshen magudanan ruwa a kan tebur
• Takaddun masana'anta suna lankwasa kuma suna da ƙananan yanki
• Yana da jaket mai ƙarfe wanda yake juyawa a saurin masana'anta

Kumfa mai kisa ko dandy nadi

• Kawai ɗauke da tebur na al'ada
• Taimakawa don sassauƙa da sanya ruwan daidai
• Za a iya yin alamar ruwa
• Filin bangon waya --————- 99% Ruwa ———————- 1% Fibrous Matter
• Arshen Zane ——————- 80% Ruwa —————– 20% Fibrous Matter

Latsa

• Ana aiwatar da danshi mai laushi da takardar takarda don tuntuɓar ji
• Zai tashi daga 80% zuwa 60% zafi

Idan ana so

• Kawar da sauran ruwa ta hanyar zafi
• Bangare biyu: Na farko bushe da na 1 bushe
• Tsakanin su an sanya tsarin don bayar da maganin farfajiya ga takarda
• Yawan zafin jiki ya tashi a hankali daga 70º zuwa 120 - 130º
• Filaye suna raguwa akan tsari na 20% a faɗi kuma 1% - 2% a tsayi. Wannan yana haifar da tashin hankali na ciki.
• A ƙarshen jerin na 2 rollers suna shakatawa

Maganin farfaji

Suna iya zama da yawa:

• Girman-latsa (mafi yawan kowa)
• Ofar - Roll
• Bill - Ruwa

Girman-latsa

Shi ne mafi sauki
Ya ƙunshi yin amfani da ƙaramin abin ɗaurewa.

• Idan kawai m ne = Offset Takarda
• Idan mai ɗaure + launi ne = Takardar Takarda

Adadin

• Offset takarda = 1 - 2 gr / m²
• Takarda Takaice = 4 - 5 gr / m²

Inganta bugawa
Wani lokaci ana saka rufin-girma

-Ofar-birgima

• Ana canza miya zuwa rollers na mai amfani da matsakaitan abin nadi
• Yana ba ka damar amfani da adadin adadin mai yawa
• Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi don takarda mai rufi na inji
• Launin haske na 8 - 10 gr / m² ta kowace fuska

Bill-ruwa

• Tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi don murfin inji
• Ana yin aikace-aikacen a gefe ɗaya tare da ruwa da ɗayan tare da abin nadi.

Lisas

• Na'urar da aka haɗa da rollers na ƙarfe (daga 2 zuwa 5)
• Aikinta shine ta lallashe takarda da daidaita kaurin a fadin fadin takarda.
• Ba su haskakawa
• Suna yawanci bayan rollers mai sanyaya
• Tasirinta ya dogara da matsi da lambar wucewar takarda ta layin tuntuba ko NIPS.

Paparoma

Da zarar takardar ta wuce cikin santsi, sai a narkar da shi a cikin wani inji da ake kira shugaban Kirista, to yana iya bin hanyoyi biyu

• Cikakken takarda ko Takarda Mai Rufi ———-> An gama
• Idan takarda ce daga cikin inji, sai taje kan na'urar sutura

Ruwan ruwa da aka aika zuwa kan gashin gashi ana bincika shi don kawar da ƙazanta.

Coater

• Na'urar ita ce ke amfani da miyar stucco don tallafi

Mai laushi mai laushi

• Shine yafi kowa yawa
• Ana amfani da shi ta hanyar abin nadi kuma an daidaita shi kuma an saka shi ta hanyar takardar ƙarfe
• 2 nau'in ruwan wukake: M (90ig bevel) ko M (45º matsananci gefen)
• Theaƙƙarfan mutum yana bayarwa tsakanin 12 - 13 gr / m² miya staku
• Mai sassauƙa yana bayarwa tsakanin 22 - 23 gr / m² miya staku
• Zasu iya aiki a cikin sauri tsakanin 600 - 700 m / min. kodayake yanzu akwai injunan da suke aiki a 1200 m / min.
• Sanyin takardar zai zama mafi ƙarancin santsin takardar.

Rufi abun hura lebe

•  Ana amfani da ruwa mai ƙima ta abin nadi wanda sai iska mai matsewa ya cire shi
•  Tsakanin 20 zuwa 40 gr / m²
•  Bai fi 350 m / min ba
•  Visananan danko miya
•  Kadan cikakke fiye da zane

Don shirye-shiryen kayan shafawa da kuke buƙata

• Tanki don girki
• Mai motsawa don watsawa da haɗuwa da abubuwan haɗin kullu
• Matattara zuwa cire kuskure
• Ajiyar ajiya
• Buga don canja wurin stucco

Mix na kayan aiki

Game da Pigments:

•  Maɗaura
•  Masu ɓata gari

Additives kamar:

• Launuka
• Microbicides
• Man shafawa
• Haske Haske
• Gudura don juriya

Babban mai sheki

• An san shi da Cast Coated
• Patents biyu:

Warren tsarin

•  Aikace-aikacen stucco ta bakin lebe
•  Yana nuna samun tallafi mai santsi
•  Aiwatar da stucco ——> Pre-bushe (infrared) --—-> 180 ° chrome silinda
•  Yanayi kamar yadda yake fitowa bushe sosai daga silinda na Chrome

Tsarin zakara

• Aikace-aikacen Stucco ——–> 80 ° chrome silinda
• Irin wannan stucco a cikin shari'un biyu ana yin sa ne a gefe ɗaya kawai. Idan kuna son duka biyun, ana yin ta ta hanyar bambanta biyu da fuska ɗaya.