Kuziva bepa rakagadzirwa seiIwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti kupi, sei uye ndiani akaigadzira uye chii chaive shanduko yayo pamusoro pemakore. Wese mugadziri akanaka anofanira kuziva chakagadzirwa nei nzira iyo basa ravo richaonekwa.

Yakatangwa muChina naHan Hsin pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechipiri BC. Pfungwa yekutanga yaive yekugadzira chipenga chisingadhuri. Ts'ai Lum akarangarira kugadzirwa kwe Han Hsin uye akaona kuti aingoshaya chimwe chinhu chekusunga tambo dzesimbi uyezve kuti dzidzivirire mvura (izvi zvakawanikwa nekubika algae inonzi Agari Agari uye kushandisa gelatin iyo yakapa. Iyo Gwaro rekaresa muSpain ndiye "Mozarabic Missal » yomusi wa1040-1050, inochengetwa muMonastery yeSilos.

Evolution

• 1450                      Gutenberg anopinza iyo Printing Press.
• 1670 uye 1680      Dutu reDutch rakagadzirwa, iro rinobvarura mbatya dzekare uye kujekesa kwanga kuri chimwe nechimwe.
• 1789                      Luis Nicolás Robert- Akagadzira muchina waigona kugadzira mitsetse mirefu yepepa uchishandisa tepi inoenderera.
• 1807                      Iko kushandiswa kwekaolin sekuzadza kunoonekwa.
• 1874                      Inosvitsa iyo bisulfite maitiro.
• 1884                      Iyo Sulphate kana Krafft maitiro anoonekwa.

Mapepa zvigadzirwa

Izvo zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira mapepa ndeizvi:

• Fibers
• Mafiller uye pigments
• Wedzerai

Fibers

• Shinda dzehuni
• Asina-huni tambo
• Synthetic fibers

Shinda dzehuni

Perennial kana Resinous Miti

• Iyo paini mune ayo ese marudzi uye fir
• Avhareji kureba pakati pe2 ne4 mm, yakatoreba
• Kuramba kwakakwira kwemapepa epasi egirama

Anodonhedza kana Mashizha Miti

• Eucalyptus, Beech uye Birch
• 1mm kureba kwepakati
• Faira dzayo dzinopa kutsetseka uye yakanaka mapepa mapepa
• Yayo% pabepa inowedzera sezvo iyo grammage ichiwedzera, kugona kusvika 100% mumapepa anopfuura 150 gr / m².

Asina-huni tambo

Vanogona kuve bagasse yeshuga uye zviyo mashanga, hemp, esparto, donje neflakisi.

Fiber Kureba:

•  Inotapira ————————- 4 mm
•  Mashizha ————————- 1,5 mm
•  Bagasse —————————– 1,7 mm
•  Gorosi neBhari —————— 1,5 mm
•  Esparto ————————— 1,1 mm
•  Uswa Nemupunga ———————-- 0,5 mm
•  Cotton ————————–30 mm

Synthetic fibers

• Kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemifananidzo
• Yakakwira simba yakanyungudutswa polyethylene

Izvo-zvisina-fibrous zvinhu

Products inorganic iyo dzimwe nguva inova chikamu chepepa muhuwandu hwakawanda.

Mhedzisiro yeMariji uye Hangi

• Kuchena uye opacity (Refractive Index)
• Kuwanda kwayo - iyo yakawanda mitoro, iyo yakawanda girama
• Liquid Absorption - Inodzivirira inki kuendesa
• Geometric Shape- Inoita kuti kuvepo kuderedze ayo maitiro echimiro.

Chemical kuumbwa kwehuni

Holocellulose: cellulose + hemicellulose

Lignin: Icho chinhu chakaomarara chemakemikari, chiri icho chinobata shinda dzakabatana pamwechete.

Chichena: Icho chinoonekwa chinotaridzika chechiedza.

Zvimwe zvigadzirwa:

	RESINOS	Lush
LIGNIN	25 -30%	18 -30%
CELLULOSE	40 - 45%	45 - 50%
HEMICELLULOSE	10 -15%	20 - 30%
Resins	4%	1,5 - 2%

Kugadzirira kwehuni

Yakasimudzwa

• Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti uibvise
• Icho hachina hunhu
• Shandisa ma reagents uye simba
• Svibisa pasita
• Main Pakati- Debarker Drum

Kuchengeta huni

• Pakati pe25 kusvika 55% Humidity
• Pakati pe25 kusvika 35º yeTembiricha
• Resinous - Kwete rinopfuura gore rimwe
• Leafy - Pakati pemwedzi miviri nematanhatu kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwemhando

Chipped

Mushure mekumaka matanda anoderedzwa kuita machipisi kana CHIP kukwanisa kugadzira mamwe mapasta, akadai semakemikari, semi-kemikari uye mechnical refining. Saizi yeiyo chip ichave inoenderana nekuiswa kwema reagents anoshandiswa mukupfura.

Zvokuimba namatidza

Yakasarudzika michina pasta

•  Kubva pamatanda asina kuvezwa matanda
•  Kazhinji Resinous
•  Cylindrical kukuya vhiri, hasha pamusoro, inogara yakanyoroveswa.

Mvura

• Dzivirira kupisa
• Chenesa vhiri rekukuya
• Takura iyo tambo

 2 Mhando:

• Kuenderera mberi: Warren de Cadena
• Yakapunzika: Great North

Kubatsirwa:

• Kuita kwepamusoro (95%)
• Hunhu hwakanaka hwehunhu (

Kukanganisa:

• Zvakaoma kuchenesa
• Yakachena Kuchena <80%
• Inokuvadza iyo fiber wall

Kucheka kana kunatsa meputi pulp:

• Disc shredders, yepamusoro mhando pulp
• Zvirinani hunhu hwepanyama

Kubatsira:

• Mikana yekushandisa huni dzakarambwa
• Mikana yekushandisa hardwood
• Unifomu yemhando yekunamatira

Kukanganisa:

• Yakakwira Investment
• Yakakwira simba rekushandisa
• Yakakwirira yekugadzirisa mutengo

Thermomechanical namatidza

• Iwo echimakanika maitiro echip paste anonatsiridzwa
• Kune izvi, hutsi hunounzwa patembiricha yakakwira kupisa machip usati waapinza iwo mune yekunatsa disc, zvichikonzeresa kupfava kwe lignin uye kudzikisira kusimba kwetambo.
• Tsika yekukwegura uye kuita yero
• Yakakwirira opacity. yakakodzera pepa rakareruka.

Kemikari-thermomechanical paste

• Kuita kwepamusoro
• Zvirinani mamiriro epanyama pane akajairwa echimakanika mapaseti
• Chips yakaderedzwa muhukuru, wozoita mudisita panowanikwa soda paTº ye60 kusvika 80º, kwemaawa matatu. (Muchiitiko chekunamatira kwemakemikari, iri kubika kwenguva yakareba uye pane tembiricha yepamusoro).

Chemical namatidza

• Iyo dhigirii yekubvisa lignin ichave yakakura zvakanyanya kusimba kurapa kwehuni.

2 Maitiro:

• Al bisulfite
• krafft

Bisulfite

• Yakagadzirwa muSweden muna 1874
• Kubika doro iri bisulfite ine calcium, magnesium kana ammonium base.
• Kubika tembiricha iri pakati pe 130º ne 140º
• Kubika nguva pakati pe6 nema8 maawa
• Kugadziriswa kuri nyore uye kunogadzira mapasta akafuma mahemicelluloses, akakodzera magirazi-akafanana mapepa.
• Haina kupora kwemakemikari
• Goho pakati pe45 ne55%

krafft

• Kuda kukuru kwekubatanidzwa kweye bhaira rekudzoreredza.

Kudzoreredza maitiro

Iwo madoro madoro akaumbwa ne organic chinhu, zvicherwa uye mvura mune yevasungwa ye18 kusvika 20%, ne evaporator iko kukosheswa kunosimudzwa kusvika 60%. Gare gare inopiswa ichiburitsa kupisa. Madota acho akagadzirwa ne sodium carbonate. Mushure mezvo, iyo soda inodzoreredzwa. Govera 45 kusvika 55%.

Kuchenesa

Chinangwa chekuchenesa kubvisa lignin isina kubviswa nekubika.

Kwakajairika Kuchenesa

• Chlorination
• Kubvisa
• Chlorine dioxide
• Kubvisa
• Chlorine dioxide
• Pakati pechikamu chimwe nechimwe pane chikamu chekugeza.

Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching

• Deslignification neoksijeni, zvino inogadzirwa uyezve kurapwa neklorini dioxide kunoiswa.

Ozone Kuchenesa

• Kunokanganisa + cellulose
• Kuchena kwakakura kupfuura 90%
• Mhedzisiro isingagamuchiriki maererano nekushomeka kurasikirwa

Enzyme Kuchenesa

• Enzymes pamwe nemamwe machena
• Kuchena kwakanyanya
• Chlorine dioxide kuderedza ne10-15%

Oxygenated Mvura Bleaching

• Hydrogen peroxide, inoshandiswa mukemikari-thermomechanical pastes

Kubviswa

• Yakabatanidzwa Fekitori - Inotumirwa kuburikidza nepombi.
• Haina Kubatanidzwa - Mukatoni, mapepa emastara anogadzirwa nehunyoro hwe10% kufambisa kutakura.
• Iyo yakawanda mvura, inguva shoma yeinogona fungi.

Fibers akaiswa mukati

• Primary Fibers
• Sekondari Fibers

Primary shinda

• Iwo anowanikwa kubva kuhuni kana mamwe marudzi emiriwo zvirimwa, iwo ekutanga-shandisa tambo. Zvimedu kubva kumapepa emapepa kubva mumarara zvinoonekwa seyekutanga tambo.

pulper:

• Icho chigadziko chine helix muchikamu chayo chepasi chinoshatisa mashiti epasta uye chinosarudzira iyo tambo, ichigadzirira kumiswa kwemvura pakati pe6% ne12% yechinhu chakaoma mumvura.
• Chishandiso chinodururwa nekupfuudza musanganiswa kuburikidza nekati iyo isingatenderi kupfuura kwezvimedu zvakakura.
• Mvura inoshandiswa mupulper yakachena, inoshandiswazve mvura kubva kufekitori pachayo (iri chena nekuda kwezvakanyorwa mumicheka uye mafirita).
• Yakareba uye ipfupi fiber inoisirwa zvakasiyana mu pulper. Ivo havazosanganisi kusvikira mushure mekuchenesa.

Vabati:

• Ivo anoshandiswa kugadzirisa dambudziko rezvisina kunyatsobvarurwa zvidimbu kubva mupasi. Iyo de-chipper inogadzirwa nemadhisiki maviri akagadzirwa nespikisi kana fungidziro.

Kuchenesa:

Kuburikidza nekunatsa iyo inopihwa hunhu kuti ibudise akanyanya mhando uye mhando dzebepa. Pepa rega rega rinoda kukwenenzverwa kwakakodzera, aya ndiwo mamwe marudzi:

• Dutch Stack
• Diki Angle Conical Inonatsiridza
• Yakakura Angle Conical Inonatsiridza
• Disc Kunatsiridza

Chero rudzi rwekunatsa, iko kwekutanga mashandiro kunoitwa pakati pechinhu chakamisikidzwa neicho chinotenderera, ichipfuudza peta pakati pavo.
Mushure mekuchenesa, iyo tambo inoiswa kune yakanyanya kana kushoma simba chiito chinogadzira chiitiko icho:

Shake uye Shake:

• Iyo fiber ine hydrated
• Bvisa. Fibre inokanganisa kuita fibrils
• Shear- Iyo fiber inoenda pakuderedzwa pakureba kana kucheka.
• Fibrillation ndiko kuburitswa kwefibrils uye kugadzirwa kwakanaka kunoguma nekuwedzera kunoonekwa munzvimbo yakatarwa yepamusoro, kugadzirisa kureba kwemisodzi uye kuputika kwepepa.

Yakakwira fibrillation + Yakakwira yepamhepo kusagadzikana

Iyo yekuchenesa mashandiro inodzorwa pamushini pachishandiswa chishandiso chinoyera iyo yekudiridza kugona kana hama inoenderana iyo pasita inoita iyo mvura kubuda. Inoyerwa muShopper-Riegler mamaki (SRº), iyo yakakwira iyo kukosha, iyo huru kunatsiridza.

Kunatsiridza kwepamusoro = Kudonhedza zvishoma

Kuderera kunatsa = Kudiridza kukuru

Paunenge wangonatswa, iyo pasita inochengetwa mumidziyo mikuru nekushushikana.

Sekondari tambo

• Fibers idzo dzakatomboita imwe chete yekugadzira nzira dzinopihwa zita iri.
• Ivo vanozivikanwa nezita rekuti PAPA, dzinogona kusanganiswa neidzo dzekutanga kana ivo vanogona kuve 100% sekondari.
• Nzvimbo dzekuunganidza dzinowanzo kuve mumaguta makuru uye nzendo refu kumafekitori dzinogona kuita kuti dzive dzisina kugadzikana.
• Izvo zvinokwanisika kupora anopfuura 50%

pulper

• Izvo hazvingogadziri chete sekuparadzanisa bepa, asi zvakare zvichaita sekukorobha, kubvisa tsvina senge tambo newaya.
• Maitiro acho anogona kupera neshinda

Kusungwa

Inoitwa nemakemikari zvine hungwaru zvakabatana nekupisa uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi simba kubvisa inki kubva bepa.

3 Zvigadzirwa:

• Detergents: bvisa inki
• Vanoparadzira: Zvekuti inki inosiya mvura uye isingaisazve kuisa.
• Anopupira vamiririri: Inofambisa kubviswa kweinki.

Deinking maitiro

Yakagadzirirwa nekugeza

• Ndicho chekare
• Inoshanda nemazvo kubvisa 1 kusvika 10 micron size particles

Flotation de-inked

• Ndiyo yakanyanya kushandiswa
• Chinangwa chemakemikari akawedzerwa anopupuma furo uye kuyerera kweinki.
• Iyo inoshanda kupfuura kushambidza sezvo ichibvisa zvese zvakakura inki zvidimbu uye kurasikirwa nefayibha kushoma.
• Unoda mvura shoma mukuita

Maitiro akabatanidzwa

• Kugeza kunoshandiswa kubvisa zvidimbu zveinki pamwe nemutoro wepepa uye zvinovandudza nzira inotevera yekufambisa.

Yakagadzirirwa nema enzymes

• Iyo mutsva maitiro mune deinking maitiro. Imwe yematambudziko inogona kuve yakakwira furo chizvarwa.
• Iko kurasikirwa kwefaera uye kuramba
• Havagone kudzokororwazve zvachose, ivo vanongobvumira mashandisiro matatu kusvika mashanu

Sheet kuumbwa

• Kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, gadzira rakafanana chaizvo kune chero mhando mapepa. Musiyano uchapihwa nekuumbwa kwawo uye kupedzisa.
• Sheet Ruzivo: Shandura kunama kwekuyerera kuita yakafara uye yunifomu jira.

Kusanganisa tub

Iko kunowanikwa zvinhu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwebepa senge:

• Fibers
• Optical zvinopenya
• Mitoro
• Zvimwe zveGene
•  Sizing vamiririri

Vabatsiri

Zvidimbu zvisingadiwe zvinobviswa.

2 Mhando

Zvichida

•  Vanobvisa zvidimbu zvakakura zvichibva pamukana wekuti vangapfuure nepakati pesyure kana mesh.

Centrifugal

• Ivo vanotora mukana wezana centrifugal simba rekutenderedza kwepasta mukati memiviri miviri, ichipatsanura inorema ma particles, ayo anobuda kuburikidza neakavhurika ezasi magumo.

Iyo 2 masisitimu anowanzo kuve akabatanidzwa kuti iwedzere kushanda.

Headbox kana musoro wemuchina

• Basic element yekuumba akafara uye matete machira
• Vanoda kugara uye yunifomu kuyerera kwepasta inlet.

Kazhinji

• Chigadzirwa chinoita kuti kumanikidza uye kuyerera kwepasita zvigare pamusoro pehupamhi hwese bhokisi kupinda.
• Imba yekuwedzera: Inobatsira kurongeka kuri nani kweiyo tambo mukumiswa.

Huwandu hwekumiswa kana kuderedzwa pasiti iyo inofanirwa kusvika kumucheka inofanira kuve yakakosha ku:

•  Ipa grama
• Batsira kudzidziswa
• Teedzera kugadzirwa kumhanya
• Tora yakafanana yunifomu

Izvi zvinodzorwa:

• Kuyerera (huwandu)
• Kubatana (density)

Tafura yakatetepa

• 7 kana 8 mita yakafara
• Inobatsira kubvisa mvura nekudonhedza
• Mucheka une kufamba kwekuyambuka kunodaidzwa tracheo, Kuti umise tambo uye tidzivise kuora.
• Machine Sense: Fiber Direction
• Inotenderera nzira: Kurwisa fiber
• Mashine ekare: kumhanya pakati pe30 - 40 m / min
• Iwo eana kana makore mashanu apfuura: kumhanya pakati pe4 - 5 m / min
• Parizvino: Kumhanyisa pakati pe1300 - 1400 m / min (izvi hazvina kutsvaga)

2 Tafura mhando

Zvakajairika:

• Mucheka Chikamu: Chikamu chebepa rinoibata. Zvimwe zvakashata
• Yainzwa Chiso: Kumusoro kumeso. Nyorovera kune zvimwe% zvemitoro

 Jira rakapetwa:

• Iyo inobvumidza kunongedza iko kudiridzira kumusoro kumusoro kuburikidza nemabhokisi ekuyamwa, kuwana mamwe macomputer machira. Inomhanya kubva ku1400 - 1500 m / min

Screen

• Inofanira kubvumira kugoverwa kwakanaka kwepaste
• Kukweva mvura
• Kudzivirira kuyambuka kweshinda
• Kudzivirira tambo kubva kunamira pairi
• Kugeza nyore
• Mhando mbiri:
• Plastiki: + mutengo + mukurumari
• Kudonhedza mvura: ndiko kubviswa kwemvura

Kudonhedza mvura

• Vanotsigira jira uye vanobvisa mvura. Haisi kushandiswa kana muchina uchidarika mazana matatu m / min

Mapenzi

• Izvo zvinhu zvinoumbwa nemabhawa asingatenderedze uye jira rinotsvedza paari.
• Ivo vanogara kwenguva refu uye vari kufambira mberi.
• Icho chinhu chinowanzozivikanwa munzvimbo yekutanga yekudonha mvura.

Aspiring mabhokisi

• Kuwedzera kwesimba chiito
• Iko kushomeka kuri kufambira mberi
• Kwete .mabhokisi anoenderana nehurefu hwemuchina
• Inoshanda nemapombi pombi.

Suction humburumbira

• Yekupedzisira drainage chinhu patafura
• Kubata kwemucheka kwakakombama uye kune zvishoma pamusoro
• Ine perforated simbi bhachi inotenderera pajira jira

Furo mhondi kana dandy roller

• Inotakurwa chete neyakajairwa matafura
• Inobatsira kuwana yakatsetseka uye yunifomu chipande
• Inogona kugadzira watermark
• Bhokisi repamusoro —————- 99% Mvura ———————-- 1% Fibrous Matter
• Mucheka Wokupedzisira ——————- 80% Mvura ——————- 20% Nyaya Inodakadza

Michina

• Iko kudzvanya kunyorova kwepepa pepa kunoitwa mukubata neakanzwa
• Iyo yaizoenda kubva ku80% kusvika 60% humidity

Kana uchida

• Bvisa mvura inosara uchishandisa kupisa
• Zvikamu zviviri: 1 yakaoma uye yechipiri yakaoma
• Pakati pavo system inoiswa yekupa kurapwa kwepamusoro kune pepa
• Iyo tembiricha inokwira zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa 70º kusvika 120 - 130º
• Iyo tambo dzinodzikira pahurongwa hwe20% muhupamhi uye 1% - 2% pakureba. Izvi zvinogadzira kunetsana kwemukati.
• Pakupera kwechikamu chechipiri ma rollers anozorodza

Surface kurapwa

Vanogona kuve akati wandei:

• Saizi-dhinda (yakanyanya kuitika)
• Gedhi - Peta
• Bill - Nereza

Saizi-dhinda

Ndiyo yakapusa
Inosanganisira kushandisa diki diki bhainda.

• Kana ichingo bhainda = Bvisa Offset
• Kana iri bhainda + pigment = Pigmented Pepa

Nhamba

• Bvisa mapepa = 1 - 2 gr / m²
• Pigmented Pepa = 4 - 5 gr / m²

Kuvandudza kudhinda
Dzimwe nguva saizi-yekudhinda inotangirwa-kuvezwa

Gedhi-roll

• Iyo sosi inoendeswa kune yekushandisa rollers kuburikidza nepakati roller
• Inokutendera kuti ushandise huwandu hwakawanda hweturu
• Kazhinji inoshandiswa kumashini akafukidzwa mapepa
• Chiedza chemwenje che8 - 10 gr / m² nechiso

Bhiri-blade

• Sisitimu inoshandiswa kumuchina wemuchina
• Iko kunyorera kunoitwa kune rumwe rutivi nejasi uye kune rimwe rine roller.

Smooth

• Muchina unoumbwa nemasimbi esimbi (kubva 2 kusvika ku5)
• Basa rayo kutsetseka iro bepa uye kugadzirisa kukora kune hupamhi hwepepa.
• Hazvipenye
• Ivo vanowanzo enda vachitevera kutonhora ma roller
• Mhedzisiro yaro inoenderana nekumanikidza uye nhamba yekupfuura kwepepa kubudikidza nemitsara yekubatana kana MAZANO.

Papa

Kana bepa rangopfuura nemumakwara, rinotenderedzwa mumuchina unonzi papa, ipapo unokwanisa kutevedza nzira mbiri

• Isina kufukidzwa kana Muchina Wakavezwa Pepa ——--> Inopera
• Kana iri bepa kunze kwemuchina, rinoenda kumuchina wekupfeka

Mvura inotumirwa kumusoro wecoater inoongororwa kuti ibvise tsvina.

Coater

• Ndiwo muchina unoshandisa muto we stucco kutsigiro

Coated itsvedzerere

• Ndiyo yakanyanya kuwanda
• Inoiswa nenzira ye roller uye yakaenzana uye yakaderedzwa nenzira yesimbi simbi
• 2 marudzi emapeji: Rigid (90º bevel) kana Flexible (45º yakanyanyisa kumucheto)
• Iyo yakaomarara inopa pakati pe12 - 13 gr / m² stucco muto
• Flexible inopa pakati pe22 - 23 gr / m² stucco muto
• Vanogona kushanda vachimhanya pakati pe600 - 700 m / min. kunyange hazvo iko zvino kune michina inoshanda pa1200 m / min.
• Iko kutsetseka kwepepa kunenge kuri kushoma zviri nani kutsetseka kwepepa.

Yakaputirwa blower muromo

•  Mvura yakawandisa inoiswa neroller iyo inobviswa nemhepo yakamanikidzwa
•  Pakati pe20 kusvika 40 gr / m²
•  Kwete anopfuura 350 m / min
•  Yakadzika viscosity muto
•  Zvishoma zvakakwana pane kutsvaira

Nekugadzirira kwekushongedza zvinhu,

• Tangi rekubika
• Anomutsa kuti aparadzire uye homogenize zvikamu zvehupfu
• Mafirita ekugadzirisa
• Reserve dhipoziti
• Pombi dzekuchinjisa stucco

Sanganisa zvinhu

Nezve Pigments:

•  Zvinosunga
•  Defoamers

Yokuwedzera akadai se:

• Mavara
• Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya
• Mafuta ekuzora
• Optical Chiedza
• Resins yekudzivirira

Yakakwirira kubwinya

• Inozivikanwa seCast Coated
• Maviri Patent:

Warren maitiro

•  Kunyorera stucco ne blower muromo
•  Zvinoreva kuva nerutsigiro rwakatsetseka
•  Isa stucco ——> Pre-yakaoma (infrared) ——-> 180 ° chrome humburumbira
•  Yakagadziriswa sezvo ichibuda yakaoma kwazvo kubva kune chrome humburumbira

Champion system

• Stucco kunyorera——-> 80 ° chrome humburumbira
• Rudzi urwu rwe stucco muzviitiko zvese zvinoitwa kudivi rimwe chete. Kana iwe uchida zvese zviri zviviri, zvinoitwa nekusiyanisa maviri nechiso chimwe.