Milton Glaser uye rudo rwake rweNew York

Nhasi tinounza uyo pasina mubvunzo ari mumwe weakakura designers yenguva dzese, mumwe weavo vakagadzira iyo pfungwa yeVisual Art mukati meyatinodaidza izvo Graphic Arts uye munhu akaita zvakanyanya mukurumbira wekumusha kwake. Zvinofadza kutaura nezvazvo Milton glaser uye rudo rwake ku New YorkBasa raMilton Glaser rinogara richiratidzwa paMOMA (Museum of Modern Art muNew York), iyo Israel Museum (Jerusarema) neSmithsonian Institute (Washington, DC). Basa raGlaser rakanyanyisa kubva pakureruka, kuve kwakananga, kuri nyore uye kwepakutanga, basa rake riine hukuru hwekuona uye hwepfungwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti Great Milton aive mumwe wevamiririri vakuru veizwi rekuti "Commerce Art".

Akazvarirwa mukati New York Muna 1929, akadzidza paHigh School yeMimhanzi neArt uye iyo Cooper Union Art Chikoro, kudzidziswa kwaakapedza pa Chikoro cheZvakanaka Hunyanzvi hweBoli nemupendi Giorgio Morandi, nekuda kwechipo cheFulbright, ndiye musiki we designs ayo anonyanya kuzivikanwa kune isu tese senge New York City logo, Ini Ndinoda NY, iyo DC Comics logo, iyo Psychedelic poster yaakaita kuna Bob Dylan muna 1966 ( imwe yemifananidzo inonyanyo kuzivikanwa ye60s uye 70s uye inofungidzirwa seimwe yeanonyanya kuratidza mabasa eAmerican dhizaini), muvambi wemagazini New York Magazini muna 1968 naClay Felker uye aive Director wayo Chigadzirwa kusvika 1977, uye ndiko kunaka kwe Milton anga aripo uye aripo chaizvo mutsika dze design American ezana ramakore rapfuura munzira dzinopfuura imwe uye dzakasiyana. Glaser ndiye anotungamira chimiro cheiye Artist Dhizaina izvo zvatakaona mune zvakapfuura zvinyorwa uye kuti zvingave sei Obery nicolas nezvipoko.

In the kutsikisa nyika nepepanhau, pamwechete nemumwe wake Walter bernard Ini ndinogadzira iyo WBMG dhizaini studio uye ndinoshanda pakugadzirisazve mapepanhau senge La Vanguardia, Iyo Washington Post uye O Globo, kana Akapa mazano ekugadzirisa edhisheni kumagazini senge Paris Macht, L'Express, Esquire, L'Europeo, Washington Post Magazine kana Village Voice. 

  Milton Glaser haana kungogumira pakuronga, asi akashandisawo yakawanda yehupenyu hwake yakatsaurirwa kudzidziswa mu New York Chikoro cheZviso ZvekuonaUye zvakare, iye inhengo yeArt Director's Club Horo yeMukurumbira uye American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA).

 Kana uchitarisana nebasa, mubvunzo unowanzo kuve: Ndiri kutaura naani? Ndivanaani vanhu ava? Vachaziva sei? Ndezvipi zvaunofungira? Ndezvipi zvaunotarisira? Hatifaniri kudaro regai isu tungamira nemaitiro edu uye kuravira kwedu, chinhu chakakosha kutaura, chimiro chinofanira kusiiwa kunze, fungisisa pane iro basa remugadziri.

Kuratidzika kwake kwekugadzira uye hupenyu kunozivikanwa, pano ini ndinoisiya ichitsanangurwa muruoko rwake.

 1. Unogona chete kushandira vanhu vaunoda.

 Iwo mutemo wekuda kuziva wakanditorera nguva yakareba kuti ndidzidze nekuti, pachokwadi, pakutanga kwetsika yangu ndainzwa zvakapesana. Kuva nyanzvi yaida iwe kwete kunyanya kufanana nevanhu vaunoshandira, kana kuti zvirinani kuchengetedza hukama huri kure, izvo zvaireva kuti hapana kudya kwemasikati nevatengi kana kusangana kwevanhu. Mamwe makore apfuura ndakaona kuti izvo zvinopesana chaive chokwadi. Ndakaona kuti rese rakakosha uye rine basa basa randakange ndagadzira rakauya kubva kune rudo hukama nevatengi. Ini handisi kutaura nezvehunyanzvi; Ndiri kutaura nezverudo. Ndiri kutaura nezvekugovana mamwe maitiro akajairwa nemutengi. Izvo izvo zvekuti chiratidzo chako chehupenyu chinoenderana neicho chemutengi. Zvikasadaro kurwa kunovava uye hakuna tariro.

 Humwe husiku ndakagara mumotokari yangu kunze kweColumbia University, uko mudzimai wangu Shirley aidzidza anthropology. Ndichakamirira kudaro ndakange ndichiteerera redhiyo ndikanzwa mutori wenhau achibvunza kuti, "Zvino zvawasvitsa makore makumi manomwe nemashanu, une zano here kune vateereri vedu nezvekugadzirira kukwegura?" Izwi rakatsamwa rikati, "Sei vanhu vese vachindibvunza nezvekweguru mazuvano?" Ndakaziva izwi raJohn Cage. Ndine chokwadi chekuti vazhinji venyu munoziva kuti aive ani - munyori uye muzivi akafuridzira kufarira kwaJasper Johns naMerce Cunningham uye nenyika yemimhanzi zvachose. Ini ndaisatombo kumuziva uye ndaiyemura mupiro wake kunguva yedu. "Unoziva, ini handizive kuti ndogadzirira sei kuchembera," akadaro. “Handina kumbobvira ndawana basa, nekuti kana uine basa, rimwe zuva mumwe munhu anozoritora kubva kwauri uye ipapo unenge usina kugadzirira kuchembera. Kwandiri zvave zvakafanana mazuva ese kubva pandanga ndine gumi nemaviri. Ini ndinomuka mangwanani uye ndinoedza kuwana zano rekuti ndiise sei chingwa patafura nhasi. Zvakafanana pamakumi manomwe neshanu: Ndinomuka mangwanani ega ega ndofunga kuti ndichaisa sei chingwa patafura nhasi. Ini ndakanyatsogadzirirwa zvakakwana kuchembera.

 (Ichi chikamu chepoindi 1) Mumakumi emakumi matanhatu maive nemurume ainzi Fritz Perls aive Gestalt psychologist. Kurapa kweGestalt, yakatorwa kubva munhoroondo yehunyanzvi, inofunga kuti iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa iyo "yese" isati yazara. Izvo zvaunofanira kutarisa itsika yese, mhuri yese, nenharaunda, nezvimwe. Perls akaronga kuti muhukama hwese vanhu vanogona kuve vane chepfu uye vachifumisana. Hazvireve hazvo kuti munhu mumwe chete anozova muchetura kana kupfumisa muhukama hwavo hwese, asi mubatanidzwa wevanhu vaviri unogona kuburitsa mhedzisiro ine chekuita kana inosimbisa. Uye chakakosha chinhu chandingataure ndechekuti kune bvunzo kuona kana mumwe munhu aine chepfu kana achifumisa muhukama hwavo newe. Heino inoenda iyo bvunzo: Iwe unofanirwa kumbotora nguva nemunhu, kungave kuri kunwa, kuenda kunodya kana kuenda kunoona mutambo wemitambo. Izvo hazvina basa zvakanyanya, asi pakupedzisira ona kana uchinzwa zvakanyanya kana kushoma simba, kana wakaneta kana kuti wakasimbiswa. Kana iwe wakanyanya kuneta, saka iwe waiswa huturu. Kana iwe uine simba rakawanda, iwe wakawedzerwa. Iyo bvunzo inenge isina musoro uye ini ndinokurudzira kuishandisa kweupenyu hwese.

 Pandakatanga basa rangu ndaida kuve nyanzvi. Ndiko kwaive kushuvira kwangu nekuti nyanzvi dzakaita senge dzinoziva zvese - tisingatauri ivo vanobhadharirwa futi. Gare gare, mushure mekushanda kwechinguva, ndakazoona kuti hunyanzvi pachahwo hwaive hwekugumira. Mushure mezvose, zvinorehwa nehunyanzvi mune dzakawanda zviitiko "kudzikisira njodzi." Saka, kana iwe uchida kugadzirisa mota yako, unoenda kuna makanika anoziva nzira yekugadzirisa nedambudziko rauinaro. Ini ndinofungidzira kana iwe uchida kuvhiyiwa huropi iwe haudi kuve nachiremba mbeveve mukutenderera nekugadzira nzira nyowani yekubatanidza yako kumagumo etsinga Ndokumbirawo uzviite nenzira yakashanda mushe kare.

Nehurombo munda wedu, iyo inonzi yekugadzira (ndinovenga iro izwi nekuti rinowanzo shandiswa zvisirizvo, ndinovenga chokwadi chekuti rinoshandiswa sezita, unogona kufungidzira uchidana mumwe munhu kugadzira?), Paunoita chimwe chinhu kakawanda kuti deredza njodzi kana iwe uchizviita nenzira imwechete yawakaita kare, zvinova pachena kuti nei hunyanzvi husingakwani. Mushure mezvose, chinodiwa mumunda medu, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi zvacho, kuramba uchidarika. Hunyanzvi hahutungamiri pakudarika nekuti hunosanganisira mukana wekukanganisa, uye kana uri nyanzvi hunhu hwako hunoti usatadze, asi kuti udzokorore kubudirira. Saka hunyanzvi sekushuvira hupenyu hwenharidzano.

 Ndiri mwanakomana wemazuva ano ndakazvinzwa izvi mantra hupenyu hwangu hwese: "shoma yakawanda." Mamwe mangwanani, ndisati ndasimuka, ndakaona kuti hwaive hufuza, basa risina musoro uye risina basa. Asi zvinonzwika zvakakosha nekuti zvine mukati mayo chirevo chinopesana nekufunga. Nekudaro hazvishande kana isu tichifunga nezve inoonekwa nhoroondo yenyika. Ukatarisa chigamba chePezhiya, haugone kutaura kuti chakati wandei nekuti unoona kuti chikamu chega chega cheraga, shanduko dzese muvara, shanduko dzese muchimiro dzakakosha zvakanyanya pahunaku hwayo. Iyo haigone kuratidzwa munzira ipi neipi kuti kapeti yakatsetseka iri pamusoro. Zvimwe chete nebasa raGaudí, zvidiki zvePersia, iyo art nouveau nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji. Ndine imwe nzira yekuwedzera iyo yandinofunga inokodzera: "zvakakwana zvawanda.

 Ini ndinofunga zano iri rakatanga kuitika kwandiri pandakanga ndakatarisa kunoshamisa watercolor yenzombe naPicasso. Iwo waive mufananidzo wenyaya pfupi yaBalzac inonzi "Iyo isingazivikanwe Nyanzvi." Inzombe inoratidzwa mumitaira gumi nemaviri akasiyana, kubva pane yakasarudzika vhezheni kusvika pakubvisa yakaderedzwa kuita tambo yakapusa, ine nhanho dzese dziri pakati. Izvo zvinobuda pachena kubva pakutarisa kudhinda uku ndeyekuti chimiro hachina basa. Mune imwe neimwe yezviitiko izvi, kubva pakunyanyisa kubviswa kusvika pakutendeka zvakasikwa, zvese zvinoshamisa kupfuura chimiro. Hazvina musoro kutendeseka kune chimwe chimiro. Izvo hazvina kukodzera kuvimbika kwako. Ini ndinofanira kutaura kuti kune vekare dhizaini nyanzvi idambudziko, nekuti munda unofambiswa kupfuura nakare nezvido zvehupfumi. Iko shanduko muchimiro inowanzo kuve yakabatana nehupfumi zvinhu, seizvo wese munhu anoverenga Marx anoziva. Kuneta kunoitikawo kana vanhu vachiona chakawandisa chinhu chimwe chete nguva dzose. Saka makore gumi kana apfuura pane shanduko yekunyora uye zvinhu zvinobva zvachinja. Mafonti anouya oenda uye inoonekwa system inochinja zvishoma. Kana iwe uine makore ebasa semugadziri iwe une iro rakakosha dambudziko reizvo zvekuita. Ndiri kureva, mushure mezvose, iwe wakagadzira mazwi, fomu iri yako wega. Iyo ndeimwe yenzira dzekuzvitsauranisa iwe kubva kune vezera rako uye kumisikidza chako kuzivikanwa mumunda wekugadzira. Kuchengetedza zvaunotenda uye zvaunofarira zvinova chienzanidzo. Mubvunzo uripakati pekutsvaga shanduko kana chengetedza yako yakasarudzika chimiro inova yakaoma. Tese tine zviitiko zvinozivikanwa zvevanachiremba vane mukurumbira vane basa rakangoerekana rabuda muchitaira kana, zvakanyanyisa, rakanamatira munguva. Uye kune nyaya dzinosuwisa senge dzaCasandre, pasina mubvunzo mugadziri wemifananidzo mukuru wemakumi maviri ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, aisakwanisa kuita raramo mumakore ake ekupedzisira uye akazviuraya.

 Uropi ndicho chinonyanya kushanda mumuviri. Muchokwadi, ndiyo nhengo inogona kubatika kuchinja uye kuvandudzwa kwenhengo dzese. Ndine shamwari yangu inonzi Gerard Edelman uyo ari nyanzvi huru muzvidzidzo zvehuropi, uyo anoti fananidzo yeuropi kukomputa zvinosuwisa. Uropi hwakaita segadheni remusango rinogara richikura nekuparadzira mbeu, kumutsiridza, nezvimwe. Uye anotenda kuti huropi hunogona kubatika - munzira yatisinganyatso kuziva nezvayo - kune chiitiko chese uye kusangana kwatinako muhupenyu hwedu.

Ini zvakare ndinofunga kuti iyo dhizaini inoshanda nenzira imwecheteyo. Ini ndiri mutsigiri mukuru wekudhirowa, kwete nekuti ini ndakave muenzanisi, asi nekuti ini ndinotenda kuti kudhirowa kunochinja huropi nenzira imwecheteyo iyo kuwana kodhi chaiyo inoshandura hupenyu hwevayorini. Dhirowa inoita kuti utarise, zvinoita kuti iwe utarise kune izvo zvaunoona, izvo zvisiri nyore.

 Wese munhu anogara achitaura nezvekuvimba, kutenda mune zvaunoita. Ndinoyeuka kamwe mukirasi yeyoga, mudzidzisi akataura kuti, kutaura pamweya, kana iwe uchitenda kuti wasvikira kujekeswa iwe uchangosvika pamiganhu yako. Ini ndinofunga ichokwadi mune inoshanda pfungwa. Zvitendero zvakadzama zvemhando ipi neipi zvinokutadzisa kuvhura kuti uzame, uye ndosaka ndichiwana chero chinzvimbo chakasimba chekupokana chisina chokwadi. Zvinoita kuti nditye kana mumwe munhu achitenda zvakawandisa mune chimwe chinhu. Kusava nechokwadi uye kubvunza chero dzidziso dzakareba dzakabatwa kwakakosha. Ehezve, musiyano uripo pakati pekusahadzika uye kusahadzika unofanirwa kuve wakajeka, nekuti kutsoropodza kunongo ganhurira kune kuvhurika kwako pasi sekutenda kwekuda: ivo vakaita semapatya. Pakupedzisira, kugadzirisa chero dambudziko kunonyanya kukosha pane kuve wakarurama. Iko kune pfungwa yekuzvikwanira mune zvese zviri zviviri nyika yeunyanzvi uye dhizaini. Pamwe zvinotangira kuchikoro. Zvikoro zveArt zvinowanzo kutanga neAyn Rand yakasarudzika hunhu modhi, ichipokana nepfungwa dzetsika dzakatenderedza. Mufungo weiyo avant-garde ndeyekuti semunhu wega unogona kushandura iyo nyika, ichokwadi kusvika padanho. Imwe yezviratidzo zveakakanganiswa ego ndeyechokwadi chokwadi.

Zvikoro zvinokurudzira zano rekusarega uye nekudzivirira basa rako chero zvodii. Zvakanaka, iyo poindi ndeyekuti, basa redu ndere kusvika pakubvumirana. Iwe unongo fanirwa kuziva kwekukanganisa. Kutevedzera bofu kwemipendero yako pachako uchiregeredza mukana wekuti vamwe vangave vakarurama, hazvi funge nezvekuti mukugadzirwa tinogara tichitarisana netradhi: mutengi, vateereri uye iwe pachako. Zvakanakisa, kuburikidza neimwe nzira yekutaurirana mapato ese anokunda, asi kuzvivimba kazhinji muvengi. Narcissism inowanzo kubva kune imwe mhando yekushungurudzika kwevechidiki iyo isingafanire kudzikiswa. Ichi chinhu chakaoma kwazvo muhukama hwevanhu. Mamwe makore apfuura ndakaverenga chinhu chinoshamisa kwazvo nezverudo, icho chinoshandawo pahunhu hwehukama nevamwe. Chakanga chiri chirevo kubva kuna Iris Murdoch mune rake rezvematongerwo enyika. Iye akati: "Rudo ndicho chokwadi chakanyanya kuoma chekuziva kuti mumwe, asiri mumwe, chaiye." Hazvina kunaka here?! Mhedziso yakanakisa pamusoro penyaya yerudo iwe yaunogona kufungidzira.

 Gore rakapera mumwe munhu akandipa zuva rangu rekuzvarwa bhuku rakanaka naRoger Rosenblatt anonzi «Kuchembera Nenyasha»(Kuchembera zvine mutsindo). Ini handina kuziva zita racho panguva iyoyo, asi rine seti yemitemo yekukwegura zvine mutsindo. Mutemo wekutanga ndiwo wakanakisa: "Hazvina basa. Hazvina basa kuti iwe unofungei. Tevedza uyu mutemo uye iwe unowedzera makumi emakore kuhupenyu hwako. Izvo hazvina basa kuti zviri kukurumidza here kana kuti gare gare, kana iwe uri pano kana apo, kana iwe wakazvitaura kana kwete, kana iwe uri akangwara kana benzi. Kana iwe wakabuda usina kuchena kana mhanza kana kana mukuru wako akakutarisa akatsamwa kana mukomana wako kana musikana anotarisa kwauri akatsamwa, kana iwe wakatsamwa. Kunyangwe iwe ukakwidziridzwa kana kupihwa mubairo kana imba - hazvina basa. " Uchenjeri pakupedzisira. Ipapo ndakanzwa nyaya inoshamisa yaiita senge ine chekuita nemutemo wechigumi: Mumwe mutengesi aivhura bhizinesi rake mamwe mangwanani uye paaiita kudaro tsuro yakapinza musoro wayo nepasuo. Mubhucha akashamiswa apo tsuro yakabvunza, "Une kabichi here?" Mubhucha akati, "Iri ibhucha, tinotengesa nyama, kwete muriwo." Tsuro yakasvetuka ichienda. Mangwana acho bhucha raivhura bhizinesi raro tsuro yakaburitsa musoro wayo panze ichibvunza, "Une kabichi here?" Iye zvino mubheki anotsamwa akapindura achiti: "Nditeererei mbeva, ndakakuudza nezuro kuti tinotengesa nyama, kwete miriwo, uye nguva inotevera paunouya pano ndichakubata nemutsipa ndoroverera nzeve dziya dzevhu." Tsuro yakangoerekana yanyangarika uye hapana chakaitika kwevhiki. Zvino mamwe mangwanani tsuro yakaburitsa musoro wayo kubva pakona ndokubvunza, "Une zvipikiri here?" Mubhucha akati, "Kwete." Tsuro yakazoti, "Ane kabichi."

Nyaya yetsuro yakakosha nekuti yakauya kwandiri kuti kutsvaga kabichi muchitoro chebutcher kungaite sekutsvaga hunhu mumunda wekugadzira. Izvo hazviratidzike senge nzvimbo yakanakisa kuiwana kana. Zvinonakidza kucherechedza kuti mune iyo nyowani AIGA kodhi yetsika (American Sisitimu Yemifananidzo Yemifananidzo) Iko kune kwakakosha huwandu hweruzivo nezve maitiro kune vatengi uye kune vamwe vagadziri, asi kwete izwi nezvehukama hwomugadziri neruzhinji. Mubhucha anotarisirwa kutengesa nyama inodyiwa kwete kutsausa zvinhu. Ndinoyeuka ndichiverenga kuti mukati memakore aStalin muRussia, zvese zvaive zvakanzi "nyama yemombe" yaive huku chaiyo. Handidi kufungidzira zvakange zvakanyorwa kunzi "huku." Tinogona kutambira imwe nhanho yekunyengera, senge kunyeperwa nezvemafuta emabhureki avo, asi kana mutengesi achitengesa nyama yakaora tinoenda kumwe kunhu. Sevagadziri, isu tine shoma mutoro kuruzhinji rwedu pane kubhucha? Chero ani anofarira kunyoresa graphic dhizaini anofanira kucherechedza kuti chikonzero chiri seri kwepaiti rezinesi ndechekudzivirira ruzhinji, kwete vagadziri kana vatengi. "Usakuvadza" yambiro kuvanachiremba ine chekuita nehukama hwavo nevarwere, kwete nevavanoshanda navo kana nemarabhoritari. Dai isu takanyoreswa, kutaura chokwadi kwaizonyanya kukosha mubhizinesi redu.

 Mamwe mashoko - Obery nicolas nezvipoko