Nhoroondo yekugadzira graphic

Dhizaini yemifananidzo sekuziva kwedu kwave kuri chikamu chedu kubva pasichigare kusvika zvino. Isu tinoziva izvo zvakatikomberedza patinoti "graphic dhizaini" nekuti zvimwe zvemifananidzo yekutaurirana zvinobva zvauya mundangariro: zvinyorwa, zviratidzo, pendi nezvimwe. Nhoroondo yaro haina zuva rakatarwa asi inotemwa nenhevedzano yezviitiko zvakaita kuti kushanduka kwayo kuvepo.

Kukuisa iwe mune mamiriro, isu tichaenda kukuendesa iwe ku XIX remakore, zana ramakore rizere nezviitiko zvakakonzera kufamba kwekutanga uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho, dzaive mbiru dzekutanga uko dhizaini yakatanga kuvakwa sezvatinoiona nhasi.

Gadzirira zvese zvaunoda nekuti rwendo rwechinguva rwunotanga.

Kwakatangira: Kufamba kwekutanga uye maartist

Zviitiko zvinokosha zvakaitika muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, chimwe chazvo chakatanga pakupera kwezana rino remakore. Tsika dzekuMadokero dzakagadziriswa neshanduko yekumaindasitiri uye nekuvandudza tekinoroji. Izvi zvinokanganisa kukura kwevanhu uye zvinobvumira kufambira mberi mukukurukurirana. Maindasitiri makuru anotendera kukurumidza kugadzirwa kuti semhedzisiro yeizvi, hunyanzvi hwekugadzira zvigadzirwa hunodonha zvachose.

Ndeipi mhinduro ingavepo mushure meiyi kukakavara? Zvakanaka, muUnited Kingdom izvo zvatinoziva nhasi seboka Arts uye Crafts captain by William Morris. Sangano iri rakamuka nechinangwa chekudzorera kukosha kwehunyanzvi. Nehurombo, chinangwa hachina kuzadzikiswa asi kufamba uku kwaive nemukurumbira wakawanda sezvo nzanga yenguva iyoyo yaivaziva nekuda kwemaitiro avo uye nekumiririra kukakavara kwechinguva mumabasa avo. Uye ndozvinoita iyo modernism.

Pano tinotsanangura kuti chii chazvino uye chii chinochinyatso.

Mazuva ano

Mazuva ano anonziwo art nouveau, yakabuda mukupera kwezana regumi nemapfumbamwe uye kutanga kwemakumi maviri emakore. Yaionekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha mafambiro ehunyanzvi panguva iyoyo uye shanduko yayo inozivikanwawo se Belle Epoque iyo yakagara kusvika pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga.

Ivo vemazuva ano, vairarama nehunyanzvi uye hupenyu uye vaikanganiswa zvakanyanya nemafirosofi mafashama e John Ruskin nevakakurumbira William Morris, akafanotangira mafambiro akadai seyechokwadi kana kuti impressionism. The modernists vanosangana akati wandei maitiro:

• Ivo vanoshandisa zvinhu zvechunhu kusimudzira mabasa avo
• Ivo vanoshandisa zvinhu zvitsva mumabasa avo mushure mekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji
• Vanoongorora asymmetry uye vanoimiririra mumabasa avo

Mukumazuva ano kwakatevedzana maartist akabuda aive akakosha kwazvo pasirese yekugadzira nehunyanzvi.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Charles Rennie aive akakurumbira mapurani uye mugadziri uyo akaberekerwa muScotland muna 1868. Chaanoshandisa zvakanyanya mumabasa ake manhamba ejometri uye mitsara yakatwasuka kana inokwira. Pakati pemabasa ake anozivikanwa ndeaya: Peonies, Iyo fort uye Armchair.

Alphonse Mucha

Aive mupendi weCzech uye muimbi uye anoonekwa semumwe wevamiriri vevamiriri veArt Nouveau. Anoshandisa maitiro akawanda emaruva uye anoratidzirwa nekurumbidza vakadzi mumabasa ake. Inoshanda senge: Zodiac, Chocolat Ideal uye Job Cigars inomira pachena.

Peter behrens

Peter aive mumwe wevagadziri vemifananidzo vezuva iri, anozivikanwa nekugadzira kuzivikanwa kwemakambani, maposta, uye typeface. Maitiro ake akasarudzika sezvo anga achitsvaga anoshanda uye akachena magadzirirwo. Mabasa ake anosanganisira: Magetsi Tea uye Sango.

Chikoro cheBauhaus

Mushure mezana regumi nemapfumbamwe, zana XX yakagadziriswa neHondo Yenyika Yekutanga muna 1914. Mugore iro chikoro cheBauhaus chakavambwa muWeimar (Germany). Ichi chikoro chaive nesimba rakakura munyika yekugadzira, hunyanzvi uye ekuvaka. Vazhinji vevaimbi vakaumba chikoro ichi, vakasimuka kubva muboka revatangi uye vakatanga kudzidza chimiro, zvigadzirwa, kuumbwa, nzvimbo uye pamusoro pezvese kukosha kwevara mukugadzirwa.

Iyo bauhaus yakagadzira izvo zvatinoziva seye typographic hierarchy, uko mitsara, mabara, madhi kana zvikwere zvakashandiswa kupatsanura nzvimbo uye chengetedza muoni. Humwe hunhu hwayo hwaive:

• Kufarira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvazvino (girazi)
• Cubist uye asymmetric maitiro muzvivakwa zvayo
• Ivo vakashandisa kureruka mumafomu (zvishoma zvishoma)
• Tendency ye organic organic

Maartist ari chikamu chechikoro ichi ndeaya:

Paul Klee

Anoonekwa semumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, anomira kunze kwekushanda pachiitiko chekubvisa uye pakati pemabasa ake anobuda pachena: Katsi neShiri neCastle neZuva.

kandinsky

Iye aive expressionist, abstract pendi uye mukuru tenzi wevara uye dhizaini. Kuumbwa Eight uye Blue Rider inomira pachena.

Herbert Bayer

Mumhanzi uye ane simba renziyo dzakasimba kwaaishanda nemitsara yakachinjika uye yakatwasuka. Pakati pemabasa ake ndeaya: Articulated Wall uye Double Ascension.

Moholy nagy

Moholy akatarisana zvakanyanya nekutora mifananidzo uye kutaipa uye anomira kunze kwemabasa akaita seSpace Modulator.

Art Deco (Furanzi)

Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEuropean mafambiro akagadzirwawo. Yakauya iyo Art deco, padanho umo hunhu hwemazuva ano hwakatsiviwa na mitsara yakapusa uye yakatwasuka. 

Art Deco yaizivikanwa zvakanyanya kuExposition Internacionale des Artes Decoratifs Et Industriels Modernes muParis muna 1925. Maitiro aya anouya kubva kuNhasi uye chikoro cheBauhaus. Iyo zvakare inokurudzirwa neiyo Russian constructivism iyo yakapa kuzhinji kwekuoma uye kuomarara mumitsara uye mafomu.

Izvo zvinoratidzira Art Deco kukosha kwavakapa kune zvigadzirwa zvetekinoroji zvenguva iyoyo, mune mamwe mabasa zvinhu zvakaita se: skyscrapers, magetsi emagetsi, maredhiyo, ndege nezvimwe. Ruvara rwunobva fauvism uye inoratidzwa mumagazini uye maposta ayo akawanda maartist akagadzira.

MuArt Deco, maartist akadai se:

Jean carlu

Anoshandisa rhetoric mumabasa ake uye anochengetedza hunhu hwake hwehunyanzvi. Mabasa ake anosanganisira Le Gosse uye Cuisine Electrique.

Cassandra

Cassandre aive muFrance poster muimbi uye mugadziri. Mabasa ake anokanganiswa neanogadzira avant-gardes epakati peiyo nguva yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Ini ndaiwanzobatanidza zvinhu senge hunyanzvi, zvinyorwa, uye mufananidzo. Pakati pemabasa ake akajeka: Normandie naDubonnet.

30s

Pakutanga takambotaura nezvezvinhu zviri chikamu chezuva redu nemazuva patinenge tichigadzira, asi wakambozvibvunza here kuti dhizaini yemafonti yakatanga kukosha rinhi? Mutsamba yapfuura, takataura nezvemurume anonzi Gutemberg Asi zvese hazvigare ipapo. Typography yakavewo nekushanduka kwayo uye chaizvo, yakatanga kuva nayo muzana ramakore XX, kunyanya muma30s.

Pakati pegore rino, zviitiko zvezvakaitika zvakaitika uye yaive nguva izere nemafungiro akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika. Nechikonzero ichi, mafambiro akadai seFuturism, Dadaism uye Surrealism akabuda. Gore rino mafonti akadai se Futura kana Gill Sans. 

Vanyori vezvinyorwa zvakadai Lester Bell kana Herbert Mater.

Iwo akakurumbira ehondo mapepa

Kurwa kwehondo kunotsanangurwa senge rudzi rwehondo umo vanhu vakati wandei vanotarisana, mune ino nyaya yehondo yaticha taura nezvayo, yakatarisana nenyika mbiri, Germany nePoland. Hondo iyi yakatanga muna 1939 uye yakakonzera izvo zvatinoziva seHondo Yenyika II. Yakanga isiri chete kurwa pakati penyika mbiri asi kwaive kusangana pakati peMadokero nemaCommunist.

Uye vagadziri vakaita sei panguva ino? Bva, vazhinji vavo vakasarudza kuenda kuutapwa nepo vamwe vakashinga zvikuru vakasimbiswa kuti vabatane nenyika yavo. Uye chinyorwa chehondo chinei chokuita nezvose izvi?Munguva yehondo, kunyanya muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, chinyorwa chehondo, chinonziwo zvematongerwo enyika kana kuti propaganda, chakagadzirwa. Iyi poster yakagadzirwa nechinangwa che kupwisa uye panguva imwe cheteyo kushandisa nzanga kuti vabatanidze hurumende.

Iwo maposter akazadzisa akawanda madingindira uye typologies asi pakati pavo, vakamira pa:

• Vagadziri veaya maposta vakatendeukira kune yatinoti rhetoric uye vakashandisa chirevo chekutaurirana, nekudaro vachifadza manzwiro nemanzwiro
• Ivo vakashandisa iyo psychology yemufananidzo kugadzira iwo mufananidzo wakaomarara uye wakaoma kukanganwa
• Vanoisa zvinyorwa pamberi pechifananidzo, ndiko kuti, iwo mavara akatora mukurumbira zvakanyanya nekuda kwemisoro yayo yakasarudzika
• Vakashandisa mavara akashinga kunyengetedza veruzhinji kuti vateerere
• Chishandiso chavo chikuru yaive graphic line, yakatora nzvimbo yepakati pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu
• MaRussia akashandisa constructivism mumaposta avo, nekudaro vachigadzira static zvinhu

Iwo maposta eHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, aesthetically akaenderera neiyo yakafanana graphic mutsetse uye maitiro. Pakati pemaposter maartist aive nesimba rakakura panguva iyoyo, zvinotevera zvinomira pachena:

Alexander Rodchenko

Alexander aive akamiririra poster muimbi, airatidzwa nekushandisa manhamba ejometri aiperekedzwa nemavara akareruka. Mazhinji emabasa ake anogadzira mafambiro mukuumbwa kwake nekuda kwenzira yaakawedzera nayo zvinhu (chinyorwa - mufananidzo).

Mamwe emabasa ake anogashira kubva: Murume weMoto uye Rechevik.

The 50s muEurope

MuEurope, kunyanya muSwitzerland, mafambiro akati wandei akagadzirwa asi chinonyanya kuzivikanwa hapana mubvunzo chiri Swiss international style. Aya maitiro akatangira muma50s uye akaenderera kusvika kuma70s.

Kufambisa kwega kwega kwakagadzirwa munhoroondo yese, kwaive nekuwanda zvakanyanya mune zvimwe zvinhu kupfuura kune vamwe, mune iyi kesi, iyi dhizaini yaimiririra kutanga kwekuchinja kwe dhizaini dhizaini. Uye chii chinoratidzira chimiro ichi zvakanyanya?

Izvo zvaakaratidzawo iko kushandiswa kwesans-serif typeface uye kushandiswa kwemifananidzo uye kurambwa kwemifananidzo. Izvo zvinhu zvinonyatso sangana neiyi dhayera ndeizvi:

• Kumwe kujekesa, kuverengeka uye kutarisika mumabasa uko kunoshandiswa zvisina serif fonti
• Kumiririrwa kwetaipa sechinhu chikuru

Nekufamba kwenguva, zvikoro zveSwitzerland zvakaumbwa mumaguta akadai seGeneva, Lausanne kana Zurich.

Pakati pevanyori vanonyatsomiririra kufamba uku vari: Theo Balmer, Emil Ruder naMax Bill.

The 50s muAmerica

Kusvika pari zvino, takagumisa kuti Europe yaive imwe yeakanyanya kukosha mabheji munyika yehunyanzvi uye dhizaini. Asi nyaya haigumire pano, America yaionekwa sesimba guru renyika munguva dzehondo nezvematongerwo enyika. Iyi nzira inotanga pakati pezana remakore xx.

Vagadziri veAmerica vane chinangwa chekuparadzana neEuropean / Swiss maitiro, uye vakagadzira yakawedzera kugadzira uye isina kurongeka maitiro avo. Aya ndiwo manzwisisiro atinonzwisisa sekuzvarwa kwaakaitwa American Chikoro Chemifananidzo Kujekesa. 

Chikoro ichi chaive chipfupiso chehunyanzvi hwekuita chaimiririrwa nemaAmerican mukugadzira. Iyo yakawanda inomiririra dhizaini, ine graphic mitsara yakaburitswa uye kure neiyo static uye tsika. Mavara avakashandisa aishamisa ndokupinda muoni ndokumusuma kushoko racho. Mafonti aive mashoma geometric uye yaitambwa nemufananidzo.

Aya ndiwo maratidziro akatanga maitiro ehunyanzvi:

Sravana Sameeralu Serial XNUMXth Pop Art

Pop art yakatanga kuunzwa mukupera kwema50 uye mumiriri wayo aive muimbi ainzi Andy Warhol, kunyangwe maartist akadai Roy Fox naJasper Johns. Chinangwa chikuru cheiyi dhizaini yaive yekumiririra kuburikidza nemifananidzo yakajeka gadziriro yevatengi venguva, kusimukira kwetekinoroji uye kufambira mberi uye kuda kwetsika dzepamusoro dzakazara nevanhu vane mukurumbira.

Isu tinowana maficha akadai se:

• Bold mavara uye akakurumbira mifananidzo
• Graphic zviwanikwa zvinomiririrwa muchimiro chemamhanzi
• Kudzokorora mapatani

Psychedelia

Psychedelia yaive hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwakatanga kubereka michero pakati pemakore ekumaXNUMX. 60 MuAmerica. Yakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemazuva ano uye Art Nouveau. Uye kufamba uku kwakabvepi? Mushure mehondo zhinji nemakakatanwa emagariro, ehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, maartist mazhinji akanzwa kudiwa kwekugadzira chimiro chinoratidza zvemukati memunhu.

Inozivikanwa ne:

• Kushandisa kwemamwe mavara uye akaremara zvachose mafonti
• Matatu-mativi mhedzisiro anomutsa iyo hallucinogenic mhedzisiro yemishonga
• Mavara anokatyamadza anouya kubva mumasocial kufamba (hippies)

Munguva ye50s / 60s maartist akadai Saúl Bass naPaul Rand. 

Dhizaini muma60s uye 70s muEurope

Makumi makumi matanhatu nemakumi manomwe muEurope akagadziriswa neakakurumbira Hondo Yemashoko. Hondo yechando yakakonzera kusawirirana pakati penyika dzakaita seUnited States neUSSR. Izvi zvakaita kuti nyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Poland, dzitange kuzvitonga.

Kuzvimiririra hakuna kungounza matambudziko emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika asi, nekuwedzera, maartist mazhinji akatanga kugadzira masitayera avo. Maitiro aya akatorwa kubva pakuzvitongesa uye nepfungwa yehunyanzvi «kolaji». Asi ngatisvikei padanho, nyika yaive nemukurumbira mukati megumi iri yaive England, uko kunzwa kwekusunungurwa kwevanhu uye mapoka akaita se Punk.

Neichi chikonzero, chimiro cheChirungu chakauya kubva paruoko rwezvinyorwa zvakagadzirwa na Jamie reid. Maposta ake anofambiswa neiyo punk kufamba, ichigadzira nenzira iyi mifananidzo yakajeka izere nemirau ine simba uye ine simba uye iye aipinda muchikwata. Bonde Pistols kugadzira akawanda eake album anovhara.

Dhizaini muAmerica (60s uye 70s)

Mumakore gumi ema60s uye 70s muAmerica, maartist matsva anobuda apo expressionism inopihwa kukosha kukuru uye inosarudzwa mashandisiro ekushandisa zvimwe zviwanikwa senge kutora mifananidzo kana infographic. Mumwe weaimiririra maartist aive Milton Glazer.

Milton glaser

Muimbi uyu akazvarirwa muNew York muna 1929. Abata nzvimbo dzakaita sechiratidzo, dhizaini yedhizaini, dhizaini yemaposta, dhizaini yemukati nemifananidzo.

Muna 1966 akagadzira rimwe remabasa anomiririra graphic dhizaini yenguva iyoyo: posita yakabva kune imwe yearubhamu emuimbi. Bob Dylan. Makore gare gare, akagadzira Magazini yeNew York pamwe neepurojekiti yake inozivikanwa kwazvo: Ndinoda New York.

Iwo ma80s mune graphic dhizaini

Makumi emakore ema80 akaratidzirwa neiyo mberi kwetekinoroji. Izvi zvakatendera vazhinji maartist uye vagadziri kuve nazvo zvavanogona iwo akateedzana ezvirongwa zvinofambisa basa ravo mundima yemifananidzo. Izvo zvatinoziva sezera redhijitari, rakauya rakatakurwa nezvidzidzo pamimhanzi uye hutsva hwemifananidzo uye typographic dzakabuda.

Mumwe weaimiririra maartist aive Wolfgang Weingart.

Wolfgang Weingart

Aive mumwe wevanonyanya kudhirowa ma80. Magadzirirwo ake akafurirwa nemaitiro eSwiss uye anga ari manyuko ekurudziro yevanyori vakawanda. Pakati pemabasa ake anozivikanwa ndeekuti: Typography 2.

Dhizaini dhizaini munharaunda yanhasi

Iye zvino zvauri kuziva zvishoma nezve nhoroondo ye graphic dhizaini. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti kwese kushanduka kunoenderera mukugadzira kwedu mazuva ese. Kana tichigadzira kuzivikanwa kwekambani, chikwangwani, chifukidziro chemagazini kana kunyangwe patinotora mifananidzo nekudhirowa, Isu tinofanirwa kukurudzirwa neavo maartist vakatonyora nhoroondo yavo uye vakasiya mucherechedzo. 

Isu hatisati taziva shanduko ichave nedhizaini muzana ramakore reXNUMX, asi isu tine chokwadi chekuti ichave yakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi hwekuita matekiniki uye mafambiro atakakuudza nezvawo uye zvirokwazvo kutenda kwavari, mazano matsva uye zvisikwa zvichave. kubuda.

Mhedziso

Wese munhu pane imwe nguva muhupenyu hwedu patinogadzira, isu zvakare tinogadzira pfungwa kubva mukutanga uye iyo pfungwa ndiyo mavambo edu uye shanduko yedu.

Neichi chikonzero, nhoroondo haina kungotsanangurwa seyakateerana yezviitiko asiwo shanduko uye kukura kwemunhu. Tinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi uchiongorora uye kudzidza zvakawanda nezve nhoroondo yegraphic dhizaini.

Sezvineiwo, watonyora zvako?