Umlando wokudizayina

Ukuqamba imidwebo njengoba sazi ukuthi bekuyingxenye yethu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube manje. Siyazi ukuthi yini esizungezile lapho sithi "ukwakheka kwezithombe" ngoba izici zokuxhumana ngemifanekiso zifika ngokushesha engqondweni: imibhalo, izimpawu, imidwebo njll. Umlando wayo awunalo usuku olubekiwe kepha unqunywa ngochungechunge lwezehlakalo ezenze ukuthi ukuvela kwayo kwenzeke.

Ukukubeka esimweni, sizokudlulisela ku Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ikhulu eligcwele izehlakalo ezaveza ukunyakaza kokuqala futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakuyizinsika zokuqala lapho umklamo waqala ukwakhiwa khona njengoba sikubona namuhla.

Lungisa konke okudingayo ngoba uhambo lwesikhashana luyaqala.

Umsuka: Izinyathelo zokuqala nabaculi

Izehlakalo ezibalulekile zenzeka ngekhulu le-XNUMX, esinye sazo saqala ngasekupheleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka. Isiko laseNtshonalanga lenziwe yizinguquko zezimboni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuthonya ukukhula kwabantu futhi kuvumela inqubekela phambili kwezokuxhumana. Izimboni ezinkulu zivumela ukukhiqizwa okusheshayo ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu, inani lobuciko bemikhiqizo liwela ngokuphelele.

Yisiphi isixazululo esingaba khona ngemuva kwalokhu kungqubuzana? Ubuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla ukaputeni ngu UWilliam Morris. Le nhlangano yavela ngenhloso yokubuyisa inani lobuciko. Ngeshwa, inhloso ayizange ifinyelelwe kepha le nhlangano yayigqame kakhulu kwazise umphakathi wangaleso sikhathi wawubabona ngesitayela sabo nangokumela izingxabano zesikhashana emisebenzini yabo. Futhi yileyondlela isimanjemanje.

Lapha sichaza ukuthi kuyini isimanjemanje nokuthi yini okuyiveza kangaka.

Isimanjemanje

I-Modernism nayo ibizwa kanjalo Ubuciko Noveau, kwavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwamashumi amabili. Kwakuthathwa njengenye yeminyakazo yobuciko ebaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi futhi inguquko yayo yaziwa nangokuthi yi-Belle Epoque eyaqhubeka kwaze kwaqala iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Abesimanjemanje, baphila ngobuciko nempilo futhi bathonywe kakhulu yimisinga yefilosofi ye- UJonh Ruskin nabadumile UWilliam Morris, eyandulela ukunyakaza okunjengokungokoqobo noma ukucatshangelwa. Ama-modernist ahlangabezana nezici eziningi:

• Basebenzisa izinto zemvelo ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi yabo
• Basebenzisa izinto ezintsha emisebenzini yabo ngemuva kokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe
• Bahlola i-asymmetry futhi bayimele emisebenzini yabo

Esikhathini samanje kwavela uchungechunge lwabaculi ababebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezobuciko nobuciko.

UCharles Rennie Mackintosh

UCharles Rennie wayengumdwebi nomakhi owaziwayo owazalelwa eScotland ngo-1868. Akusebenzisa kakhulu emisebenzini yakhe izibalo zejometri kanye nolayini abaqondile noma abakhuphukayo. Imisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu ifaka phakathi: ama-Peonies, i-Fort ne-Armchair.

U-Alfons Mucha

Wayengumdwebi nomdwebi waseCzech futhi uthathwa njengomunye wabaculi ababamele kakhulu i-Art Nouveau. Usebenzisa isitayela esiningi esinezimbali futhi ubonakala ngokuncoma abesifazane emisebenzini yakhe. Imisebenzi efana ne: Zodiac, Chocolat Ideal kanye noJobe Cigars ivelele.

UPeter behrens

UPeter wayengomunye wabadwebi bezithombe zangaleso sikhathi, abaziwa ngokuklama ubunikazi bezinkampani, izingqwembe kanye nezinhlamvu zokubhala. Isitayela sakhe sihluke kakhulu ngoba wayefuna ukwakheka okusebenzayo nokuhlanzekile. Imisebenzi yakhe ifaka phakathi: Ugesi Wetiye neHlathi.

Isikole saseBauhaus

Ngemuva kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ikhulu XX yalungiswa yiMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1914. Ngalowo nyaka isikole saseBauhaus sasungulwa eWeimar (eJalimane). Lesi sikole sasinethonya elikhulu emhlabeni wezobuciko, ubuciko nokwakhiwa. Abaculi abaningi abasungula lesi sikole, bavuka kwinhlangano yabakhi futhi baqala ukufunda ifomu, izinto zokwakha, ukwakheka, isikhala futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukubaluleka kombala ekwakhiweni.

I-bauhaus ithuthukise lokho esikwaziyo njenge-typographic hierarchy, lapho imigqa, imigoqo, amachashazi noma izikwele kusetshenziselwe ukwahlukanisa isikhala nokugcina ukunaka kombukeli. Ezinye zezici zayo bekungukuthi:

• Intshisekelo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zanamuhla (ingilazi)
• Umkhuba weCubist nongalingani ezakhiweni zawo
• Basebenzise ukulula kumafomu (okuncane kuningi)
• Ukuthambekela kwe-organic minimalism

Abaculi abayingxenye yalesi sikole yibo:

UPaul Klee

Ubhekwa njengomunye wabaculi abanethonya elikhulu ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, ubonakala ngokusebenza kuzimo zokukhishwa futhi phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kugqamile: Ikati neNyoni neNqaba kanye neLanga.

UKandinsky

Wayengumbonisi ovezayo, umdwebi ongaqondakali futhi enekhono elihle lombala nokwakhiwa. Ukwakheka kwesishiyagalombili neBlue Rider kuyabonakala.

UHerbert Bayer

Umculi futhi odumile ekwakhiweni okunamandla lapho abesebenza khona ngemigqa evundlile neqondile. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kukhona: i-Articulated Wall ne-Double Ascension.

I-Moholy nagy

UMoholy ugxile kakhulu ekuthatheni izithombe nasekubhaleni izithombe futhi ugqama ngemisebenzi efana ne-Space Modulator.

I-Art Deco (France)

Kulawo mazwe aseYurophu kwasungulwa ukunyakaza. Kufike i- I-Art deco, esigabeni lapho kwashintsha khona izici zesimanjemanje imigqa elula neqondile. 

I-Art Deco yaziwa kabanzi e-Exposition Internacionale des Artes Decoratifs Et Industriels Modernes eParis ngo-1925. Lesi sitayela sivela kwi-Modernism kanye nesikole saseBauhaus. Iphinde ithonywe ukwakhiwa kweRussia okunikele kakhulu ekuqineni nasekuqineni kwemigqa namafomu.

Okubonakalisa i-Art Deco ukubaluleka abakunikeze emisha yezobuchwepheshe yangaleso sikhathi, kwezinye izinto zomsebenzi ezinjengalezi: amabhilidi amakhulu, amalambu kagesi, imisakazo, ukundiza kwezindiza njll. Umbala uqhamuka i-fauvism futhi kukhonjiswa emaphephabhukwini nasemaphosta ukuthi abaculi abaningi baklame.

Ku-Art Deco abaculi abanjengo:

UJean Carlu

Usebenzisa izinkulumo emisebenzini yakhe futhi ugcina ubuntu bakhe kwezobuciko. Imisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya iLe Gosse neCuisine Electrique.

UCassandre

UCassandre wayengumdwebi nomqambi wezithombe waseFrance. Imisebenzi yakhe ithonywe yi-avant-gardes yobuciko yenkathi yempi yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ngangivame ukuhlanganisa izinto ezinjengobuciko, umbhalo nesithombe. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kuvela: uNormandie noDubonnet.

Ama-30's

Phambilini besikhulume ngezinto eziyingxenye yosuku lwethu lwanamuhla lapho siklama, kepha wake wazibuza yini ukuthi ukwakheka kwamafonti kwaqala nini ukuba nendaba? Kokuthunyelwe kwangaphambilini, sisho indoda egama layo Gutemberg Kepha konke akuhlali lapho. I-typography nayo ibe nokuvela kwayo futhi ngokunembile, yaqala ukuba nayo ngekhulu leminyaka XX, ikakhulukazi ngawo-30.

Ngalo nyaka, imicimbi yomlando ibinokuhlangenwe nakho futhi bekuyisikhathi esigcwele imibono eyehlukene yezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ngalesi sizathu, kwavela ukunyakaza okufana ne-Futurism, Dadaism kanye ne-Surrealism. Amafonti alo nyaka anjenge I-Futura noma i-Gill Sans. 

Ababhali bezinhlamvu ezifana no ULester Bell noma uHerbert Mater.

Ama-poster empi adumile

Impi yempi ichazwa njengohlobo lwempi lapho abantu abaningana bebhekene, kulokhu impi yezimpi esizokhuluma ngayo, yabhekana namazwe amabili, iJalimane nePoland. Le mpi yaqala ngo-1939 futhi yabangela lokho esikwaziyo njengeMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba. Kwakungekhona ukulwa kuphela phakathi kwamazwe amabili kodwa kwakuwukuxabana phakathi kwabantu baseNtshonalanga nabamakhomanisi.

Futhi benzeni abaklami ngalesi sikhathi? Yebo, abaningi babo bakhetha ukuya ekudingisweni ngenkathi abanye abanesibindi beqiniswa ukuze bahlangane nezwe labo. Futhi ngabe i-poster yempi ihlangana ngani nakho konke lokhu? Ngezikhathi zempi, ikakhulukazi eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, kwakhiwa iphosta yempi, ebizwa nangokuthi ipolitiki noma inkulumo-ze. Le phosta yadalwa ngenhloso yokuthi ukukholisa futhi ngasikhathi sinye bakhohlisa umphakathi ukuze ubenze bahlanganise uhulumeni.

Ama-poster afeze izingqikithi eziningi nama-typologies kepha phakathi kwawo, avelele:

• Abaklami balezi zingqwembe basebenzise lokho esikubiza ngokuthi inkulumo-mpendulo futhi basebenzise ithoni yokuxhumana eqondisayo, ngaleyo ndlela bathandeka ku imizwa nemizwa
• Basebenzise i-psychology yesithombe ukudala isithombe kanzima futhi okunzima ukusikhohlwa
• Bafaka umbhalo ngaphambi kwesithombe, okungukuthi, umbhalo uthathe ukugqama okuningi kakhulu ngenxa yezihloko zawo ezihlukile
• Basebenzise imibala egqamile ukunxenxa umphakathi
• Insiza yabo eyinhloko kwakuwumugqa ocacile, kwathatha isigaba esiphakathi kwezinye izinto
• Abantu baseRussia basebenzise ukwakheka emaphosta abo, ngaleyo ndlela bakha izinto ezimile

Amaphosta angaMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, aesthetically aqhubeka nomugqa ofanayo wezimpawu nezimpawu. Phakathi kwabadwebi beposta ababenethonya elikhulu ngaleso sikhathi, okulandelayo kuvela:

Alexander Rodchenko

U-Alexander wayengumculi wamaposta omele kakhulu, wayebonakala ngokusebenzisa izibalo zejometri ezazihambisana nemibala ekhanyayo. Imisebenzi yakhe eminingi idala ukunyakaza ekubunjweni kwakhe ngenxa yendlela abeka ngayo amandla ezakhi (umbhalo - isithombe).

Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe itholwa ngu: Indoda Yomlilo kanye neRechevik.

Ama-50s eYurophu

EYurophu, ikakhulukazi eSwitzerland, kwenziwa iminyakazo eminingi kepha okwaziwa kakhulu ngokungangabazeki kwakukuyo Isitayela samazwe aphesheya kweSwitzerland. Lesi sitayela savela kuma-50s futhi saqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngama-70s.

Ukunyakaza ngakunye okwadalwa kuwo wonke umlando, kwakukhula kakhulu kwezinye izici kunezinye, kulokhu, lesi sitayela sasimele ukuqala kwenguquko ukwakheka kokuhlela. Futhi yini ephawula lesi sitayela kangaka? Enye yezimpawu eziyinhloko ukuthi bakwazi ukuhlanganisa i-asymmetry ezingomeni, lokhu kufinyelelwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamagridi we-typographic kanye namagridi.

Okunye akubonakalisile ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zama-sans-serif kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe nokwenqatshwa kwemifanekiso. Izici ezihlangana kahle nalesi sitayela yilezi:

• Ukucaca okuthile, ukufundeka nokuqonda emisebenzini lapho kusetshenziswa amafonti angenaserif
• Ukumelwa kwe-typography njengento esemqoka

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakhiwa izikole zaseSwitzerland emadolobheni afana neGeneva, Lausanne noma iZurich.

Phakathi kwabaculi abamele kahle le nhlangano kukhona: UTheo Balmer, u-Emil Ruder noMax Bill.

Ama-50s eMelika

Kuze kube manje, siphethe ngokuthi iYurophu ibingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezobuciko nokuklama. Kepha le ndaba ayigcini lapha, iMelika yathathwa njengombuso omkhulu wezwe ngezikhathi zezimpi nezepolitiki. Le nqubo iqala maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka XX.

Abaqambi baseMelika bahlose ukweqa isitayela sase-Europe / saseSwitzerland, futhi bazenzela isitayela sabo sokudala nokungahlelekile ngokwengeziwe. Le yindlela esiqonda ngayo njengoba kuzalwa I-American School of Graphic Expressionism. 

Lesi sikole bekuyisifingqo sethonya lobuciko elalimelwe ngabaseMelika kulo mklamo. Idizayini emele kakhulu, enemigqa yezithombe ekhishiwe futhi ekude ne-static kanye nokuziphatha. Imibala abayisebenzisile ibiteleka futhi ihlasela umbukeli bese imazisa ngomyalezo. Amafonti ayengaphansi kwejometri futhi kwakudlalwa ngesibalo.

Le yindlela amasu wokuqala wobuciko aqala ngayo:

Ubuciko be-Pop

Ubuciko bePop baqala ukwethulwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-50 futhi owayemmele kwakungumculi ogama lakhe kwakungu U-Andy Warhol, yize abaculi abanjengo URoy Fox noJasper Johns. Inhloso enkulu yalesi sitayela kwakuwukumela ngemibono ecacile umphakathi wabathengi wangaleso sikhathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nentuthuko kanye nesimangalo sosiko olukha phezulu olugcwele osaziwayo.

Sithola izici ezifana:

• Imibala egqamile nemifanekiso ethandwayo
• Izinsiza zemidwebo ezimelwe ngendlela yamahlaya
• Amaphethini aphindayo

I-Psychedelia

I-Psychedelia kwakuyindlela yobuciko eyaqala ukuthela izithelo maphakathi nawo-XNUMX. 60 EMelika. Kwakuthonywe kakhulu yi-modernism ne-Art Nouveau. Futhi yavelaphi le nhlangano? Ngemuva kwezimpi eziningi nezingxabano zenhlalo, ezomnotho nezepolitiki, abaculi abaningi babona kunesidingo sokwenza isitayela esizoveza ingaphakathi lomuntu.

Kubonakala nge:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwezibalo ezingabonakali kanye namafonti akhubazeke ngokuphelele
• Imiphumela ebukeka kathathu evusa imiphumela yezidakamizwa
• Imibala emangazayo evela ekunyakazeni komphakathi (ama-hippies)

Ngesikhathi sama-50s / 60s abaculi abanjengo USaul Bass noPaul Rand. 

Idizayini kuma-60s naku-70s eYurophu

Ama-60s kanye nama-70s eYurophu afakwa ngabadumile Impi Yomshoshaphansi. Impi ebandayo yadala izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe afana ne-United States ne-USSR. Lokhu kwaholela emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise nePoland, aqala ukuzimela.

Ukuzimela akuzange kulethe kuphela izinkinga zenhlalo nezepolitiki kepha, ngaphezu kwalokho, abaculi abaningi baqala ukuzakhela izitayela zabo. Lesi sitayela sisuselwa ekuzindeleni nasemqondweni wobuciko «ikholaji». Kepha ake sifike lapho, izwe ebelivelele kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi bekuyiNgilandi, lapho kuvela khona umuzwa wenkululeko yomuntu siqu kanye namaqembu anjenge Punk.

Ngalesi sizathu, isitayela sesiNgisi sivela esandleni samaphosta aklanywe ngu UJamie Reid. Amaphosta akhe ashukunyiswa ukunyakaza kwe-punk, okwenza ngale ndlela izakhi zemidwebo ezigcwele imibala ehlaba umxhwele futhi enamandla futhi wayebambe iqhaza eqenjini Sex Pistols ukuklama amakhava akhe amaningi.

Idizayini eMelika (60s and 70s)

Eminyakeni eyishumi yama-60s kanye nama-70s eMelika, abaculi abasha bavela lapho ukuzichaza kunikezwa kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kukhethwa ukuthi kusetshenziswa kanjani ezinye izinsiza ezifana izithombe noma i-infographic. Omunye wabaculi abamele kakhulu UMilton Glaser.

UMilton Glaser

Lo mculi wazalelwa eNew York ngo-1929. Useke wathinta izindawo ezinjengokubeka uphawu, ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa, ukwakhiwa kwamaposta, ukwakheka kwangaphakathi nemifanekiso.

Ngo-1966 wenza omunye wemisebenzi emele ukwedlula yonke imidwebo yezithombe yangaleso sikhathi: iphosta ethathwe kwelinye lama-albhamu omculi Bob Dylan. Eminyakeni edlule, waklama umagazini i-New York kanye nomunye wemiklamo yakhe edume kakhulu: Ngiyayithanda iNew York.

Ama-80s ekwakhiweni kwezithombe

Iminyaka eyishumi yama-80s yaphawulwa yi- phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuvumele abaculi nabaklami abaningi ukuba babe nazo ochungechungeni lwezinhlelo ezenza lula umsebenzi wabo emkhakheni wezithombe. Esikwaziyo njengobudala bedijithali, kwafika kulayishwe izifundo zezingoma kwavela namasu amasha wezithombe nawokuthayipha.

Omunye wabaculi abamele kakhulu UWolfgang Weingart.

UWolfgang Weingart

Wayengomunye wabaculi be-typintessential quintessential bama-80s. Imiklamo yakhe ithonywe isitayela saseSwitzerland futhi ube ngumthombo wokukhuthaza abaculi abaningi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu yi: Typography 2.

Imidwebo yezithombe emphakathini wanamuhla

Manje njengoba wazi okuthe xaxa ngomlando wedizayini. Kufanele wazi ukuthi konke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyaqhubeka kumiklamo yethu nsuku zonke. Lapho kuklanywa ubuwena benkampani, iphosta, ikhava kamagazini noma ngabe sithwebula futhi sidweba, Sidinga ukugqugquzelwa yilabo baculi asebevele bazibhalela owabo umlando bashiya uphawu lwabo. 

Asazi namanje ukuvela kwemiklamo okuzoba nayo ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, kepha siqinisekile ukuthi izokwakhiwa ngawo wonke amasu ezobuciko nokunyakaza esikutshele ngakho futhi sibonga kubo, imibono emisha nokudalwa ukuvela.

Isiphetho

Wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esithile ezimpilweni zethu lapho sakha, sakha nomqondo kusuka ekuqaleni futhi lowo mqondo uyimvelaphi yethu nokuziphendukela kwethu.

Ngalesi sizathu, umlando awuchazwa nje kuphela njengochungechunge lwezehlakalo kepha futhi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokukhula komuntu. Sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ungene futhi ufunde kabanzi ngomlando wokudweba imidwebo.

Ngendlela, ngabe usuyibhalile eyakho?