ialfabhethi yerunic, inkqubo yokubhala eyayisetyenziswa ngabantu baseNorse ngexesha leViking Age, yenziwe ngoonobumba beViking. Ezi leta zazibizwa ibaleki kwaye zasetyenziselwa ukubhala iilwimi zesiJamani, ngakumbi isiNorse esiDala, eyayilulwimi lwaseJamani iiviking.
Iirunes zazinexabiso lomlingo nenkolo kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imiyalezo. IiVikings zazikholelwa ukuba iirunes zisisipho. yothixo owongamileyo uOdin kwaye babenamandla okuguqula ubomi babantu. Ngenxa yoku, basebenzise ukuxela kwangaphambili, amasiko, imilingo kunye nokukhusela. Kweli nqaku siza kwazi iimpawu, iintlobo kunye neentsingiselo zeeleta zeViking. Ngaba ulungile?
Iimpawu zeeleta zeViking
Iifom i-angular kwaye ithe tye Iileta zeViking ziququzelela ukukrolwa kwazo kwizinto ezinzima ezifana nelitye, isinyithi okanye umthi. Iirunes zabhalwa ekhohlo ukuya ekunene okanye ekunene ukuya ekhohlo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngendlela ye-bustrophedon, ukutshintsha isalathiso kumgca ngamnye.
I-rune nganye inegama elibhekiselele kwingcamango okanye kwindalo yendalo. Ngokomzekelo, i-rune U-F uthetha "ubutyebi", i-rune U ithetha "inkunzi yenkomo" kwaye i-rune R ithetha "inqwelo yokulwa".. La magama ayenceda ekukhumbuleni unobumba ngamnye nesandi sakhe.
IiRunes nazo zinentsingiselo zomfuziselo kunye esoteric, kwaye zinxulumene nentsomi kunye nembono yehlabathi yeeVikings. rune nganye imele amandla okanye umgangatho enokuba nefuthe kubomi babantu. Ngokomzekelo, i-Óss rune ithetha "uthixo" kwaye imele ubulumko namandla kaThixo, iHagall rune ithetha "isichotho" kwaye ibonisa ubunzima kunye noshintsho, kwaye i-Sól rune ithetha "ilanga" kwaye imele amandla kunye nobomi.
iifonti zeViking
Iialfabhethi zeRunic zahlulwa ngenani kunye nokumila kweerunes. Ezona ziphambili ziquka:
- Umdala uFuthark: eyona alfabhethi yerunic endala yasetyenziswa phakathi Kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX. Yenziwe ngama-runes angama-24 kwaye ihambelana nolwimi lweProto-Nordic, oluthethwa ngabantu baseScandinavia kunye nezizwe zaseJamani.
- I-Anglo-Saxon Futhorc: yasetyenziswa ukususela ngoko kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ukuya kweye-XNUMX kwaye ukwahluka kwe futhark endala. Yenziwe phakathi kwe-26 kunye ne-33 runes kwaye ihambelana ne-Old English kunye ne-Old Frisian iilwimi, ezazithethwa kwi-British Isles.
- I-futhark encinci: eyona alfabhethi yerunic eyaziwa kakhulu, yasetyenziswa phakathi kwe Ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Yenziwe ngeerune ezili-16 kwaye ifana nesiNorse saMadala, ulwimi oluthethwa ziiVikings.
Ngaphakathi kweFuthark encinci kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi:
- Isebe elide libaleka, eyaziwa ngokuba yiDanish runes, yayiyeyona ixhaphakileyo kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukubhala ematyeni.
- I-runes yesi-Swedish-Norwegian okanye isebe elifutshane: Imibhalo emthini yayilula.
- Helsingian runes zaziyantlukwano ezisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo zaseSweden kwaye zazingenazo isithuba esithe nkqo okanye shaft.
- iirunes ze-Icelandic Bayinguqulelo yeFuthark eNcinci yesi-Old Icelandic, ulwimi olusuka emva kwi-Old Norse.
Imizekelo yeeleta zeViking
Nantsi eminye imizekelo yendlela amanye amagama abhalwa ngayo ngoonobumba beViking, kusetyenziswa imitsi emide yesebe:
- IViking: ᚠᛁᚴᛁᚾᚴᛦ (fikinkR)
- Runa: ᚱᚢᚾᛅ (rune)
- Odin: ᚢᛏᛁᚾ (utin)
- Thor: ᚦᚢᚱ (þur)
- Loki: ᛚᚢᚴᛁ (luki)
IiVikings nazo zasebenzisa runes ukuya bhala imibhalo emide kwizinto, izikhumbuzo okanye amatye engcwaba. Le mibhalo isetyenziselwa ukubandakanya ulwazi malunga nombhali, umamkeli, isizathu okanye umyalezo womsebenzi. Ilitye likaRok, ilitye legranite le Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX eSweden, inombhalo odumileyo we-runic. Lo mbhalo uqulethe oonobumba abangaphezu kwama-700 kwaye ubhekisela kwiintsomi zamaNorse, imbali, kunye nomlibo wokuzalwa.
Uphondo lweGolide lwaseGallehus, into yegolide yomsitho efunyenwe kuyo EDenmark kwaye ebuyele kwinkulungwane ye-16, ngomnye umzekelo wombhalo we-runic. Umbhalo onamagama ali-XNUMX ufundeka ngolu hlobo: ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ ᛏᛁᛉ na tawido", okuthetha ukuthi "UHlewagastiz unyana kaHolt wenza olu phondo.. Lo ngomnye weyona mibhalo midala yerunic eyakha yafunyanwa.
intsingiselo yeeleta ze-viking
Oonobumba beViking babenentsingiselo esoteric kunye nokunxibelelana. I-rune nganye imele ingcamango okanye into yendalo kunye namandla okanye umgangatho onokuchaphazela i-destiny yabantu. Ke ngoko, iiVikings zasebenzisa iirunes ukwenza ukuxela kwangaphambili, amasiko, imilingo kunye nokhuseleko.
IiRunes zinokuxutywa ukwenza amagama omlingo, amabinzana okanye iifomula. Zisenokusetyenziswa ngabanye njengamakhubalo okanye ikhubalo. Irune nganye yayinegama nesandi esasimnceda akhumbule. Ukongezelela, irune nganye yayinonxulumano nothixo, isilwanyana, umthi, umbala, okanye inani.
- Fehu: Kuthetha "ubutyebi" kwaye imele umlilo ovelisayo nogqobhozayo. Ukumila kwayo kufana neempondo zenkomo, nto leyo eyayiluphawu lobunikazi namandla. Umbala wakhe ubomvu kwaye inombolo yakhe 1.
- Uruz: Lithetha "inkunzi" kwaye imele utshintsho kunye nenguqu. Ukumila kwayo kuphefumlelwe zii<em>aurochs, isilwanyana esingasekhoyo esifana nenyathi. Umbala wayo uluhlaza bumnyama kwaye inani layo li 2.
- Thurisaz: lithetha "ingxilimbela" kwaye imele ukhuseleko, ukhuselo kunye neziqalo ezintsha. Ubume bayo bufana nezinyo elibukhali, elifanekisela umzabalazo kunye neentlungu. Umbala wakhe umhlophe kwaye inani lakhe li 3.
- Ansuz: Lithetha "uthixo" kwaye imela ubulumko namandla kaThixo. Ubume bayo bomntu osele ekhulile ongqiyame ngeengalo ezivulekileyo. Umbala wakhe ubhulowu omnyama kwaye inani lakhe li 4.
ihlabathi le-runic
Iileta zeViking yinkqubo yokubhala enomdla esibonisayo inkcubeko nembali yabantu baseNordic. I-runes yayiyindlela ubugcisa, umlingo kunye nonxibelelwano. IiRunes zisivumela ukuba siqonde ulwimi, intsomi kunye nembono yehlabathi yeeVikings.
Ukuba ulithandile eli nqaku kwaye ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neeleta zeViking kunye nezinye iifonti, siyakumema ukuba undwendwele iwebhusayithi yethu. Apho uya kufumana ulwazi oluninzi, imifanekiso kunye nezibonelelo malunga iifonti ezininzi phambili. Kuphephe ukuyiphosa!